{ "names": { "common": { "de": "Pflaume", "en": "European Plum" }, "plural": { "de": "Pflaumen", "en": "Plums" }, "botanical": "Prunus domestica", "botanical_author": "L.", "scientific_synonyms": [ "Prunus communis", "Prunus sativa" ], "synonyms": { "de": [ "Kultur-Pflaume", "Echte Pflaume" ], "en": [ "Plum tree", "Common plum" ] }, "common_synonyms": { "de": [ "Zwetschge", "Zwetsche", "Quetsche" ], "en": [ "Domestic plum" ] }, "regional_names": { "de": [ "Gatsche", "Pflaum" ] }, "market_names": { "de": [ "Tafel-Pflaume" ], "en": [ "Dessert plum" ] }, "misspellings": { "de": [ "Pflaume", "Zwetschke" ] }, "international_names": { "fr": [ "Prunier domestique" ], "es": [ "Ciruelo" ], "it": [ "Prugno", "Susino" ], "pl": [ "Śliwa domowa" ] }, "ambiguous_names": [ { "name": "Pflaume", "language": "de", "shared_with": [ "Vulva" ], "clarification": { "de": "Botanische Bezeichnung für die Frucht und den Baum Prunus domestica.", "en": "Botanical term for the fruit and tree of Prunus domestica." } } ], "search_terms": { "de": [ "Pflaume", "Zwetschge", "Prunus domestica", "Obstbaum" ], "en": [ "Plum", "Prunus domestica", "Fruit tree" ] } }, "taxonomy": { "kingdom": "Plantae", "clades": [ "Tracheophyta", "Angiospermae", "Eudicotidae", "Rosids" ], "order": "Rosales", "family_botanical": "Rosaceae", "family": { "de": "Rosengewächse", "en": "Rose family" }, "family_id": "rosaceae", "subfamily": "Amygdaloideae", "tribe": "Amygdaleae", "genus": "Prunus", "species": "Prunus domestica", "hybrid_status": "hybrid_origin_unclear", "related_crops": [ "Prunus spinosa", "Prunus cerasifera", "Prunus armeniaca", "Prunus persica" ] }, "classification": { "main_group": "Fruit", "sub_group": "Stone Fruit", "crop_group": "Tree Fruit", "life_cycle": "Perennial", "perennial": true, "woody": true, "tree": true, "shrub": false, "edible_parts": { "de": [ "Früchte" ], "en": [ "Fruits" ] }, "nutrient_group": "Fruit" }, "calendar": { "sowing_indoor": { "notes": { "de": "Vermehrung meist durch Veredelung, Aussaat für Hobbygärtner unüblich.", "en": "Propagation usually via grafting; sowing is uncommon for home gardeners." } }, "sowing_outdoor": { "notes": { "de": "Direktsaat nur zur Anzucht von Unterlagen im Herbst.", "en": "Direct sowing only for raising rootstocks in autumn." } }, "planting_out": { "months": [ 3, 4, 10, 11 ], "earliest_month": 3, "latest_month": 11, "notes": { "de": "Wurzelnackte Bäume im Spätherbst oder zeitigen Frühjahr pflanzen; Containerware ganzjährig möglich.", "en": "Plant bare-root trees in late autumn or early spring; container-grown trees possible year-round." } }, "harvest": { "months": [ 7, 8, 9, 10 ], "earliest_month": 7, "latest_month": 10, "notes": { "de": "Erntezeitpunkt stark sortenabhängig; Zwetschgen oft später als Rundpflaumen.", "en": "Harvest time depends heavily on cultivar; damsons/prunes often later than round plums." } }, "month_tasks": { "1": [ { "de": "Winterschnitt an frostfreien Tagen.", "en": "Winter pruning on frost-free days." } ], "2": [ { "de": "Stammweißanstrich zur Vermeidung von Frostrissen.", "en": "Apply white trunk paint to prevent frost cracks." } ], "3": [ { "de": "Pflanzzeit für Jungbäume; Düngung mit Kompost.", "en": "Planting time for young trees; fertilize with compost." } ], "4": [ { "de": "Blütezeit: Schutz vor Spätfrösten bei Bedarf.", "en": "Blossom period: protect from late frosts if necessary." } ], "5": [ { "de": "Kontrolle auf Blattläuse und Pflaumenwickler.", "en": "Check for aphids and plum fruit moth." } ], "6": [ { "de": "Fruchtausdünnung bei zu dichtem Behang (Junifall unterstützen).", "en": "Thin out fruit if set is too heavy (support June drop)." } ], "7": [ { "de": "Ernte früher Sorten; Wässern bei Trockenheit.", "en": "Harvest early varieties; water during dry spells." } ], "8": [ { "de": "Haupterntezeit; Sommerschnitt nach der Ernte.", "en": "Main harvest period; summer pruning after harvest." } ], "9": [ { "de": "Ernte später Sorten (z.B. Hauszwetschge).", "en": "Harvest late varieties (e.g., German Prune)." } ], "10": [ { "de": "Leimringe gegen Frostspanner anbringen.", "en": "Apply grease bands against winter moths." } ], "11": [ { "de": "Pflanzung wurzelnackter Bäume; Falllaub entfernen.", "en": "Planting bare-root trees; remove fallen leaves." } ], "12": [ { "de": "Werkzeugpflege und Kontrolle auf Mumienfrüchte.", "en": "Tool maintenance and check for mummified fruits." } ] }, "month_tasks_structured": { "3": [ { "task": "fertilizing", "label": { "de": "Startdüngung", "en": "Initial fertilization" }, "priority": "medium", "months": [ 3 ], "condition": "before bud burst", "estimated_effort": "low", "notes": { "de": "Organischen Langzeitdünger oder Kompost im Traufbereich verteilen.", "en": "Distribute organic long-term fertilizer or compost in the drip line area." } } ], "8": [ { "task": "pruning", "label": { "de": "Sommerschnitt", "en": "Summer pruning" }, "priority": "medium", "months": [ 8 ], "condition": "after harvest", "estimated_effort": "medium", "notes": { "de": "Auslichten der Krone zur Förderung der Fruchtqualität im Folgejahr.", "en": "Thinning the canopy to promote fruit quality for the following year." } } ] } }, "book_content": { "overview": { "de": "Die Pflaume (Prunus domestica) ist ein unverzichtbarer Klassiker im europäischen Obstgarten. Ob als saftige Edel-Pflaume, festfleischige Zwetschge oder zuckersüße Mirabelle – die Sortenvielfalt bietet für jeden Geschmack und jede Gartengröße die passende Wahl.", "en": "The European plum (Prunus domestica) is an indispensable classic in European orchards. Whether as a juicy dessert plum, firm-fleshed damson, or honey-sweet mirabelle, the variety of cultivars offers the right choice for every taste and garden size." } }, "structured_month_tasks": { "3": [ { "task": "planting", "label": { "de": "Frühjahrspflanzung", "en": "Spring planting" }, "priority": "high", "months": [ 3, 4 ], "condition": "frost-free soil", "estimated_effort": "high", "notes": { "de": "Pflanzloch doppelt so groß wie Ballen; Pfahl zur Stütze setzen.", "en": "Planting hole twice as big as root ball; install stake for support." } } ] }, "cultivation_specs": { "seed": { "seed_depth_cm_min": 3.0, "seed_depth_cm_max": 5.0, "light_germinator": false, "dark_germinator": true, "cold_germinator": true, "stratification_needed": true, "pre_soaking_recommended": true, "germination_temp_c_min": 4.0, "germination_temp_c_max": 12.0, "germination_days_min": 120, "germination_days_max": 240, "seed_lifespan_years_min": 1, "seed_lifespan_years_max": 2, "direct_sowing_possible": true, "pre_culture_recommended": false }, "spacing": { "plant_spacing_cm_min": 300.0, "plant_spacing_cm_max": 500.0, "row_spacing_cm_min": 400.0, "row_spacing_cm_max": 600.0, "recommended_density_per_sqm_min": 0.04, "recommended_density_per_sqm_max": 0.1, "min_bed_width_cm": 200.0, "square_foot_gardening_spacing": "1 tree per large area", "spacing_notes": { "de": "Abstände stark abhängig von der Unterlage (Schwachwüchsig vs. Starkwüchsig).", "en": "Spacing depends heavily on the rootstock (dwarfing vs. vigorous)." } }, "growth_dimensions": { "height_cm_min": 300.0, "height_cm_max": 800.0, "width_cm_min": 250.0, "width_cm_max": 600.0, "root_depth_cm_min": 60.0, "root_depth_cm_max": 120.0, "root_spread_cm_min": 300.0, "root_spread_cm_max": 600.0, "growth_speed": "medium", "final_size_notes": { "de": "Buschbäume bleiben kleiner, Hochstämme erreichen maximale Maße.", "en": "Bush trees remain smaller, standard trees reach maximum dimensions." } }, "temperature": { "min_growing_temp_c": 5.0, "optimal_temp_c_min": 15.0, "optimal_temp_c_max": 25.0, "max_heat_tolerance_c": 35.0, "soil_temp_for_sowing_c_min": 5.0, "soil_temp_for_sowing_c_optimal": 10.0, "frost_sensitive": false, "late_frost_sensitive": true, "heat_tolerance": "medium", "cold_tolerance": "high", "temperature_notes": { "de": "Blüten sind empfindlich gegen Spätfröste im April/Mai.", "en": "Blossoms are sensitive to late frosts in April/May." } }, "water": { "water_need": "medium", "critical_water_phases": { "de": [ "Blüte", "Fruchtansatz", "Fruchtvergrößerung" ], "en": [ "Flowering", "Fruit set", "Fruit swelling" ] }, "drought_tolerant": false, "drought_sensitivity": "medium", "waterlogging_sensitive": true, "mulching_recommended": true, "water_notes": { "de": "Gleichmäßige Feuchtigkeit verhindert das Aufplatzen der Früchte.", "en": "Consistent moisture prevents fruit cracking." } }, "nutrition": { "nutrient_group": "medium_feeder", "heavy_feeder": false, "medium_feeder": true, "light_feeder": false, "nitrogen_need": "medium", "phosphorus_need": "low", "potassium_need": "high", "calcium_need": "medium", "magnesium_need": "low", "compost_recommended": true, "mulching_recommended": true, "fertilizer_sensitivity": "low", "nutrition_notes": { "de": "Kaliumbetonte Düngung fördert die Fruchtqualität und Frosthärte.", "en": "Potassium-rich fertilization improves fruit quality and frost hardiness." } }, "container": { "container_suitable": true, "min_pot_volume_l": 30.0, "recommended_pot_volume_l": 50.0, "min_pot_depth_cm": 40.0, "min_pot_diameter_cm": 40.0, "plants_per_container_min": 1, "plants_per_container_max": 1, "drainage_required": true, "repotting_needed": true, "container_notes": { "de": "Nur für schwachwüchsige Zwergsorten oder Säulenpflaumen geeignet.", "en": "Suitable only for dwarfing varieties or columnar plums." } }, "support": { "needs_support": true, "support_recommended": true, "climbing": false, "vining": false, "trellis_recommended": false, "support_types": [ "stake", "espalier" ], "support_height_cm_min": 150.0, "support_height_cm_max": 250.0, "training_required": true, "support_notes": { "de": "Jungbäume benötigen Pfahl zur Stabilisierung; Spalierobst erfordert Erziehung.", "en": "Young trees need a stake for stabilization; espalier fruit requires training." } }, "cultivation_modes": { "outdoor_bed_suitable": true, "raised_bed_suitable": false, "container_suitable": true, "balcony_suitable": true, "greenhouse_suitable": false, "polytunnel_suitable": false, "indoor_suitable": false, "windowsill_suitable": false, "hydroponic_possible": false, "permaculture_suitable": true, "no_dig_suitable": true }, "yield_density": { "yield_per_plant_min": 10.0, "yield_per_plant_max": 50.0, "yield_unit": "kg", "yield_per_sqm_min": 1.0, "yield_per_sqm_max": 5.0, "yield_reliability": "medium", "yield_notes": { "de": "Alternanz (schwankende Erträge pro Jahr) ist bei Pflaumen häufig.", "en": "Biennial bearing (fluctuating yields per year) is common in plums." } } }, "site": { "exposure": { "de": "Sonnig bis halbschattig; warm und windgeschützt bevorzugt.", "en": "Full sun to partial shade; warm and sheltered from wind preferred." }, "microclimate_suitability": { "de": "Weinbauklima ideal für späte Sorten.", "en": "Viticultural climate ideal for late varieties." } }, "soil": { "ph_min": 6.0, "ph_max": 7.5, "soil_type": { "de": "Mittelschwer, humusreich, tiefgründig.", "en": "Medium-heavy, rich in humus, deep." }, "moisture_retention": "high" }, "watering": { "strategy": { "de": "Zusatzbewässerung in Trockenperioden, besonders während der Fruchtbildung.", "en": "Supplementary irrigation during dry spells, especially during fruit development." } }, "nutrition": { "fertilization_regime": { "de": "Kompostgabe im Frühjahr; bei Mangel mineralischer Volldünger.", "en": "Compost application in spring; use complete mineral fertilizer if deficiency occurs." } }, "cultivation_planning": { "succession_sowing": { "possible": false }, "bed_planning_notes": { "de": "Befruchtersorten in der Nähe einplanen, falls Sorte nicht selbstfruchtend.", "en": "Plan for pollinator varieties nearby if the variety is not self-fertile." }, "rotation_priority": "perennial", "interplanting_potential": "Underplanting with herbs like nasturtium or strawberries is possible.", "mechanization_relevance": "Harvesting can be mechanized in commercial orchards but manual in home gardens." }, "crop_rotation": { "category": "perennial", "fallow_period_years": 15, "rotation_group": "stone_fruit", "notes": { "de": "Bodenmüdigkeit bei Neupflanzung an gleicher Stelle beachten; Rosengewächse als Vorfrucht vermeiden.", "en": "Watch for soil sickness when replanting in the same spot; avoid Rosaceae as previous crops." } }, "companion_planting": { "approach": "guild_planting", "good_neighbors": [ { "slug": "nasturtium", "name": { "de": "Kapuzinerkresse", "en": "Nasturtium" }, "reason": { "de": "Zieht Blattläuse vom Baum weg und dient als Fangpflanze.", "en": "Deters or traps aphids away from the tree." }, "relationship_type": "protective" }, { "slug": "allium", "name": { "de": "Knoblauch", "en": "Garlic" }, "reason": { "de": "Kann Pilzbefall reduzieren und Wühlmäuse fernhalten.", "en": "Can reduce fungal infections and deter voles." }, "relationship_type": "protective" } ], "bad_neighbors": [ { "slug": "solanum-tuberosum", "name": { "de": "Kartoffel", "en": "Potato" }, "reason": { "de": "Erhöhtes Risiko für Welkepilze (Verticillium).", "en": "Increased risk of Verticillium wilt." }, "relationship_type": "competitive" } ], "companion_scores": [ { "target_slug": "fragaria", "score": 4, "reasons": [ "symbiotic_groundcover" ] } ], "design_rules": { "de": [ "Baumscheibe offen halten oder mit schwachzehrenden Kräutern bepflanzen.", "Konkurrenz durch Gräser im Wurzelbereich von Jungbäumen minimieren." ], "en": [ "Keep the tree base clear or plant with light-feeding herbs.", "Minimize grass competition in the root zone of young trees." ] }, "notes": { "de": "Unterpflanzung sollte die Belüftung der Baumkrone nicht behindern.", "en": "Underplanting should not interfere with the ventilation of the tree canopy." } }, "deficiencies": { "nitrogen": { "de": "Kleine, hellgrüne Blätter; geringer Zuwachs.", "en": "Small, pale green leaves; poor growth." }, "potassium": { "de": "Blattränder braun und eingerollt; schlechte Fruchtqualität.", "en": "Leaf margins brown and curled; poor fruit quality." } }, "problems": { "physiological": [ { "slug": "fruit-cracking", "name": { "de": "Fruchtplatzen", "en": "Fruit cracking" }, "cause": { "de": "Starke Regenfälle nach Trockenperiode.", "en": "Heavy rain after a dry spell." } } ] }, "problem_management": { "common_pest_groups": { "de": [ "Wickler", "Sägewespen", "Blattläuse" ], "en": [ "Moths", "Sawflies", "Aphids" ] }, "common_disease_groups": { "de": [ "Virose", "Pilzerkrankungen", "Bakteriosen" ], "en": [ "Viruses", "Fungal diseases", "Bacterial diseases" ] }, "prevention_principles": { "de": [ "Wahl resistenter Sorten (besonders gegen Scharka).", "Regelmäßiger Auslichtungsschnitt für gute Durchlüftung.", "Entfernung von Fruchtmumien im Winter." ], "en": [ "Choose resistant varieties (especially against Sharka).", "Regular thinning cuts for good ventilation.", "Removal of mummified fruits in winter." ] }, "diagnosis_notes": { "de": "Bei Scharka-Verdacht besteht Meldepflicht beim Pflanzenschutzamt.", "en": "Suspected cases of Plum Pox (Sharka) must be reported to the plant protection office." } }, "disease_graph": { "scope": "Prunus domestica health", "profiles": [ { "slug": "sharka", "severity": "critical", "conditions": { "de": [ "Übertragung durch Blattläuse oder infiziertes Edelreis" ], "en": [ "Transmission via aphids or infected scion wood" ] }, "affected_parts": { "de": [ "Blätter", "Früchte", "Steine" ], "en": [ "Leaves", "Fruits", "Stones" ] }, "prevention": { "de": [ "Zertifiziertes Pflanzgut", "Resistente Sorten wie 'Jojo'" ], "en": [ "Certified planting material", "Resistant varieties like 'Jojo'" ] }, "organic_control": { "de": [ "Keine Heilung möglich; Rodung infizierter Bäume" ], "en": [ "No cure possible; grubbing of infected trees" ] } } ], "diagnostic_rules": [ { "symptom": { "de": "Früchte faulen am Baum und werden trocken/hart.", "en": "Fruits rot on the tree and become dry/hard." }, "possible_causes": [ "monilinia" ], "first_checks": { "de": [ "Prüfung auf Verletzungen der Fruchthaut", "Check auf dichten Behang" ], "en": [ "Check for fruit skin injuries", "Check for overcrowding of fruit" ] } } ], "prevention_strategy": { "cultural": { "de": [ "Optimale Standortwahl", "Sorgfältiger Schnitt" ], "en": [ "Optimal site selection", "Careful pruning" ] }, "monitoring": { "de": [ "Pheromonfallen für Pflaumenwickler ab Mai" ], "en": [ "Pheromone traps for plum fruit moth from May" ] }, "organic_first_response": { "de": [ "Absammeln von Fallobst", "Einsatz von Nützlingen" ], "en": [ "Collecting fallen fruit", "Use of beneficial insects" ] }, "notes": { "de": "Hygiene ist der wichtigste Faktor bei Steinobst.", "en": "Hygiene is the most important factor for stone fruit." } } }, "diagnosis": { "tree_check": { "de": "Regelmäßige Kontrolle von Rinde, Blättern und Fruchtansatz.", "en": "Regular inspection of bark, leaves, and fruit set." } }, "phenology": { "stages": { "de": [ "Knospenaufbruch", "Blütezeit", "Fruchtansatz", "Fruchtentwicklung", "Fruchtreife", "Blattfall", "Winterruhe" ], "en": [ "Bud break", "Flowering", "Fruit set", "Fruit development", "Fruit ripening", "Leaf fall", "Winter dormancy" ] }, "notes": { "de": "Der Austrieb erfolgt im zeitigen Frühjahr, oft zeitgleich mit oder kurz nach der Blüte.", "en": "Bud break occurs in early spring, often simultaneously with or shortly after flowering." } }, "flowering_pollination": { "flowering_period": { "de": "April bis Mai", "en": "April to May" }, "flower_color": { "de": "Weiß", "en": "White" }, "pollination_type": { "de": "Insektenbestäubung (vorwiegend Bienen und Hummeln)", "en": "Insect pollination (primarily bees and bumblebees)" } }, "pollination": { "summary": { "de": "Viele moderne Sorten sind selbstfruchtend, aber Fremdbestäubung erhöht den Ertrag deutlich.", "en": "Many modern cultivars are self-fertile, but cross-pollination significantly increases yield." }, "pollinator_required": false, "self_fertility": "partial_to_full", "pollinator_notes": { "de": "Bei nicht selbstfruchtenden Sorten (z.B. 'Große Grüne Reneklode') ist eine Befruchtersorte in der Nähe zwingend.", "en": "For non-self-fertile varieties (e.g., 'Reine Claude Verte'), a pollinator variety nearby is mandatory." } }, "harvest": { "harvest_period": { "de": "Juli bis Oktober", "en": "July to October" }, "yield_estimate": { "de": "10-50 kg pro Baum je nach Alter und Erziehungsform", "en": "10-50 kg per tree depending on age and training system" } }, "harvest_details": { "harvest_frequency": { "de": "Mehrmalige Durchpflückung wird empfohlen, da die Früchte nacheinander reifen.", "en": "Multiple pickings are recommended as fruits ripen sequentially." }, "harvest_indicators": { "de": [ "Frucht gibt auf leichtem Fingerdruck nach", "Typische Sortenfärbung ist voll ausgeprägt", "Frucht lässt sich leicht vom Stiel lösen", "Intensiver Duft bei Edel-Pflaumen" ], "en": [ "Fruit yields to gentle finger pressure", "Typical variety color is fully developed", "Fruit detaches easily from the stem", "Intense aroma in dessert plums" ] }, "post_harvest_handling": { "de": "Vorsichtig handhaben, um die natürliche Wachsschicht (Duftig) nicht zu beschädigen.", "en": "Handle carefully to avoid damaging the natural waxy bloom (epicuticular wax)." } }, "storage": { "storage_temperature_c": 0, "humidity_percent": 90, "storage_potential": { "de": "Kurzzeitig", "en": "Short-term" } }, "storage_details": { "general_storage_category": { "de": "Frischverzehr oder zeitnahe Verarbeitung", "en": "Fresh consumption or prompt processing" }, "storage_life": { "de": "Im Kühlschrank ca. 1-2 Wochen haltbar.", "en": "Can be kept in the refrigerator for about 1-2 weeks." }, "processing_options": { "de": [ "Einfrieren (entsteint)", "Trocknen (Dörren)", "Einkochen (Kompott/Mus)", "Einlegen in Alkohol" ], "en": [ "Freezing (pitted)", "Drying (prunes)", "Canning (compote/jam)", "Preserving in alcohol" ] } }, "processing_use": { "suitability": { "de": [ "Backen", "Brennerei", "Saftgewinnung", "Konservierung" ], "en": [ "Baking", "Distilling", "Juicing", "Preserving" ] } }, "kitchen_usage": { "description": { "de": "Vielseitig verwendbar für Kuchen (Pflaumenkuchen), Mus (Latwerge), Knödel oder als Beilage zu Fleisch.", "en": "Versatile use for cakes (plum tart), jam, dumplings, or as a side dish for meat." } }, "safety_and_edibility": { "edible_parts": { "de": [ "Fruchtfleisch", "Schale" ], "en": [ "Fruit flesh", "Skin" ] }, "inedible_or_caution_parts": { "de": [ "Samen (Kern)", "Blätter", "Rinde" ], "en": [ "Seeds (pit)", "Leaves", "Bark" ] }, "toxicity_notes": { "de": "Die Kerne enthalten Amygdalin, das im Körper Blausäure freisetzen kann. Nicht verzehren.", "en": "The pits contain amygdalin, which can release hydrogen cyanide in the body. Do not consume." }, "raw_consumption": { "de": "Sehr gut für den Rohverzehr geeignet; Schale ist essbar.", "en": "Excellent for raw consumption; skin is edible." } }, "animal_safety": { "schema_version": "1.0", "last_reviewed": "2026-06-02", "summary": { "de": "Die Datenlage ist je nach Tierart unterschiedlich; unbekannte Einträge sollten vor Fütterung oder freiem Zugang fachlich geprüft werden.", "en": "Evidence varies by animal; unknown entries should be reviewed before feeding or allowing access." }, "overall": { "highest_status": "only_specific_parts", "emergency_level": "contact_vet_if_ingested", "has_part_specific_risk": true, "has_unknowns": false, "human_review_recommended": true, "restricted_animals": [ "dog", "cat", "rabbit", "guinea_pig", "hamster", "budgie", "horse", "chicken", "duck", "goose", "sheep", "goat", "cattle", "pig" ] }, "animals": [ { "key": "dog", "label": { "de": "Hund", "en": "Dog" }, "status": "only_specific_parts", "risk_certainty": "low", "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts", "feed_suitability": "only_specific_parts", "emergency_level": "contact_vet_if_ingested", "safe_parts": { "de": [ "Fruchtfleisch", "Schale" ], "en": [ "Fruit flesh", "Skin" ] }, "toxic_parts": { "de": [ "Samen (Kern)", "Blätter", "Rinde" ], "en": [ "Seeds (pit)", "Leaves", "Bark" ] }, "toxic_compounds": { "de": [ "Amygdalin" ], "en": [ "Amygdalin" ] }, "symptoms": { "de": [ "Erbrechen", "Durchfall", "Atembeschwerden", "Schwäche" ], "en": [ "Vomiting", "Diarrhea", "Difficulty breathing", "Weakness" ] }, "risk_factors": { "de": [ "Zugang zu fallendem Obst mit Kernen", "Kauen oder Schlucken von Pflaumenkernen" ], "en": [ "Access to fallen fruit with pits", "Chewing or swallowing plum pits" ] }, "note": { "de": "Das Fruchtfleisch der Pflaume ist für Hunde in kleinen Mengen als Leckerli geeignet, aber die Kerne enthalten Amygdalin, das Blausäure freisetzen kann. Blätter und Rinde sind ebenfalls giftig. Bei Verzehr von Kernen, Blättern oder Rinde sofort tierärztlichen Rat einholen. Übermäßiger Verzehr des Fruchtfleischs kann zu Magen-Darm-Beschwerden führen.", "en": "The flesh of the plum is suitable for dogs in small amounts as a treat, but the pits contain amygdalin, which can release cyanide. Leaves and bark are also toxic. If pits, leaves, or bark are ingested, seek veterinary advice immediately. Overconsumption of the flesh may cause gastrointestinal upset." }, "evidence": { "level": "low", "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference", "species_specific": false, "direct_veterinary_source": true, "source_count": 1 } }, { "key": "cat", "label": { "de": "Katze", "en": "Cat" }, "status": "only_specific_parts", "risk_certainty": "low", "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts", "feed_suitability": "only_specific_parts", "emergency_level": "contact_vet_if_symptoms", "safe_parts": { "de": [ "Fruchtfleisch", "Schale" ], "en": [ "Fruit flesh", "Skin" ] }, "toxic_parts": { "de": [ "Samen (Kern)", "Blätter", "Rinde" ], "en": [ "Seeds (pit)", "Leaves", "Bark" ] }, "toxic_compounds": { "de": [ "Amygdalin" ], "en": [ "Amygdalin" ] }, "symptoms": { "de": [ "Erbrechen", "Durchfall", "Bauchschmerzen" ], "en": [ "Vomiting", "Diarrhea", "Abdominal pain" ] }, "risk_factors": { "de": [ "Verzehr von Kernen, Blättern oder Rinde", "Zyanidfreisetzung durch Amygdalin" ], "en": [ "Consumption of pits, leaves, or bark", "Cyanide release from amygdalin" ] }, "note": { "de": "Das Fruchtfleisch und die Schale der Pflaume sind für Katzen in kleinen Mengen als Leckerli unbedenklich. Kerne, Blätter und Rinde enthalten Amygdalin, das Blausäure freisetzen kann und zu Vergiftungserscheinungen führen kann. Bei Verzehr gefährlicher Teile sollte ein Tierarzt konsultiert werden.", "en": "The flesh and skin of plums are safe for cats in small amounts as a treat. Pits, leaves, and bark contain amygdalin, which can release cyanide and lead to poisoning symptoms. If hazardous parts are ingested, a veterinarian should be consulted." }, "evidence": { "level": "low", "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference", "species_specific": false, "direct_veterinary_source": true, "source_count": 1 } }, { "key": "rabbit", "label": { "de": "Kaninchen", "en": "Rabbit" }, "status": "only_specific_parts", "risk_certainty": "low", "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts", "feed_suitability": "only_specific_parts", "emergency_level": "contact_vet_if_symptoms", "safe_parts": { "de": [ "Fruchtfleisch", "Schale" ], "en": [ "Fruit flesh", "Skin" ] }, "toxic_parts": { "de": [ "Samen (Kern)", "Blätter", "Rinde" ], "en": [ "Seeds (pit)", "Leaves", "Bark" ] }, "toxic_compounds": { "de": [ "Amygdalin" ], "en": [ "Amygdalin" ] }, "symptoms": { "de": [ "Durchfall", "Bauchschmerzen" ], "en": [ "Diarrhea", "Abdominal pain" ] }, "risk_factors": { "de": [ "Verzehr von Kernen oder Blättern", "Übermäßiger Fruchtverzehr" ], "en": [ "Consumption of pits or leaves", "Excessive fruit consumption" ] }, "note": { "de": "Das Fruchtfleisch der Pflaume ist für Kaninchen in kleinen Mengen als Leckerli geeignet. Kerne, Blätter und Rinde enthalten Amygdalin, das Blausäure freisetzen kann und giftig ist. Nur entkerntes Fruchtfleisch füttern und die Menge begrenzen, um Verdauungsprobleme zu vermeiden.", "en": "Plum fruit flesh is suitable for rabbits in small amounts as a treat. Pits, leaves, and bark contain amygdalin, which can release hydrogen cyanide and is toxic. Feed only pitted fruit flesh and limit quantity to avoid digestive issues." }, "evidence": { "level": "low", "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference", "species_specific": false, "direct_veterinary_source": false, "source_count": 0 } }, { "key": "guinea_pig", "label": { "de": "Meerschweinchen", "en": "Guinea pig" }, "status": "only_specific_parts", "risk_certainty": "low", "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts", "feed_suitability": "only_specific_parts", "emergency_level": "contact_vet_if_symptoms", "safe_parts": { "de": [ "Fruchtfleisch", "Schale" ], "en": [ "Fruit flesh", "Skin" ] }, "toxic_parts": { "de": [ "Samen (Kern)", "Blätter", "Rinde" ], "en": [ "Seeds (pit)", "Leaves", "Bark" ] }, "toxic_compounds": { "de": [ "Amygdalin" ], "en": [ "Amygdalin" ] }, "symptoms": { "de": [ "Erbrechen", "Durchfall", "Atembeschwerden" ], "en": [ "Vomiting", "Diarrhea", "Breathing difficulties" ] }, "risk_factors": { "de": [ "Verzehr von Samen oder Blättern", "Übermäßiger Fruchtverzehr" ], "en": [ "Consumption of seeds or leaves", "Excessive fruit consumption" ] }, "note": { "de": "Das Fruchtfleisch und die Schale der Pflaume sind für Meerschweinchen in kleinen Mengen als Leckerli geeignet. Die Samen enthalten Amygdalin, das Blausäure freisetzen kann und giftig ist. Blätter und Rinde sollten ebenfalls vermieden werden. Bei Verzehr gefährlicher Teile sofort tierärztlichen Rat einholen.", "en": "The fruit flesh and skin of plums are suitable for guinea pigs in small amounts as a treat. The seeds contain amygdalin, which can release hydrogen cyanide and is toxic. Leaves and bark should also be avoided. If hazardous parts are consumed, seek veterinary advice immediately." }, "evidence": { "level": "low", "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference", "species_specific": false, "direct_veterinary_source": false, "source_count": 0 } }, { "key": "hamster", "label": { "de": "Hamster", "en": "Hamster" }, "status": "only_specific_parts", "risk_certainty": "low", "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts", "feed_suitability": "only_specific_parts", "emergency_level": "contact_vet_if_symptoms", "safe_parts": { "de": [ "Fruchtfleisch", "Schale" ], "en": [ "Fruit flesh", "Skin" ] }, "toxic_parts": { "de": [ "Samen (Kern)", "Blätter", "Rinde" ], "en": [ "Seeds (pit)", "Leaves", "Bark" ] }, "toxic_compounds": { "de": [ "Amygdalin" ], "en": [ "Amygdalin" ] }, "symptoms": { "de": [ "Erbrechen", "Durchfall", "Atembeschwerden" ], "en": [ "Vomiting", "Diarrhea", "Breathing difficulties" ] }, "risk_factors": { "de": [ "Verzehr von Kernen oder Blättern", "Übermäßiger Fruchtverzehr" ], "en": [ "Consumption of pits or leaves", "Excessive fruit consumption" ] }, "note": { "de": "Das Fruchtfleisch der Pflaume ist für Hamster in kleinen Mengen als Leckerli geeignet. Kerne, Blätter und Rinde enthalten Amygdalin, das Blausäure freisetzen kann und giftig ist. Nur entkerntes Fruchtfleisch ohne Schadstellen füttern. Bei Verzehr von giftigen Teilen sofort Tierarzt kontaktieren.", "en": "Plum fruit flesh is suitable for hamsters in small amounts as an occasional treat. Pits, leaves, and bark contain amygdalin, which can release cyanide and is toxic. Feed only pitted fruit flesh without damage. Contact a veterinarian immediately if toxic parts are ingested." }, "evidence": { "level": "low", "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference", "species_specific": false, "direct_veterinary_source": false, "source_count": 0 } }, { "key": "budgie", "label": { "de": "Wellensittich", "en": "Budgie" }, "status": "only_specific_parts", "risk_certainty": "low", "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts", "feed_suitability": "only_specific_parts", "emergency_level": "contact_vet_if_symptoms", "safe_parts": { "de": [ "Fruchtfleisch", "Schale" ], "en": [ "Fruit flesh", "Skin" ] }, "toxic_parts": { "de": [ "Samen (Kern)", "Blätter", "Rinde" ], "en": [ "Seeds (pit)", "Leaves", "Bark" ] }, "toxic_compounds": { "de": [ "Amygdalin" ], "en": [ "Amygdalin" ] }, "symptoms": { "de": [ "Atemnot", "Zittern", "Schleimhautreizung" ], "en": [ "Difficulty breathing", "Tremors", "Mucosal irritation" ] }, "risk_factors": { "de": [ "Kernverzehr", "Blätterkauen" ], "en": [ "Pit ingestion", "Leaf chewing" ] }, "note": { "de": "Das Fruchtfleisch der Pflaume ist für Wellensittiche in kleinen Mengen als Leckerli geeignet. Kerne, Blätter und Rinde enthalten Amygdalin, das Blausäure freisetzen kann und zu Vergiftungserscheinungen führen kann. Nur das Fruchtfleisch ohne Kerne anbieten.", "en": "The flesh of the plum is suitable for budgies in small amounts as a treat. Pits, leaves, and bark contain amygdalin, which can release hydrogen cyanide and may cause poisoning symptoms. Offer only the flesh without pits." }, "evidence": { "level": "low", "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference", "species_specific": false, "direct_veterinary_source": false, "source_count": 0 } }, { "key": "horse", "label": { "de": "Pferd", "en": "Horse" }, "status": "only_specific_parts", "risk_certainty": "low", "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts", "feed_suitability": "only_specific_parts", "emergency_level": "contact_vet_if_ingested", "safe_parts": { "de": [ "Fruchtfleisch", "Schale" ], "en": [ "Fruit flesh", "Skin" ] }, "toxic_parts": { "de": [ "Samen (Kern)", "Blätter", "Rinde" ], "en": [ "Seeds (pit)", "Leaves", "Bark" ] }, "toxic_compounds": { "de": [ "Amygdalin" ], "en": [ "Amygdalin" ] }, "symptoms": { "de": [ "Atemnot", "Zittern", "Schleimhautreizung" ], "en": [ "Difficulty breathing", "Tremors", "Mucous membrane irritation" ] }, "risk_factors": { "de": [ "Zugang zu fallendem Obst mit Kernen", "Beschädigte oder welke Blätter" ], "en": [ "Access to fallen fruit with pits", "Damaged or wilted leaves" ] }, "note": { "de": "Das Fruchtfleisch der Pflaume ist für Pferde in kleinen Mengen als Leckerli geeignet, aber Kerne, Blätter und Rinde enthalten Amygdalin, das Blausäure freisetzen kann. Vergiftungserscheinungen treten meist bei größerem Verzehr gefährlicher Teile auf. Bei Verdacht auf Aufnahme giftiger Teile Tierarzt kontaktieren.", "en": "The flesh of the plum is suitable for horses in small amounts as a treat, but pits, leaves, and bark contain amygdalin, which can release hydrogen cyanide. Poisoning symptoms typically occur with larger consumption of hazardous parts. If ingestion of toxic parts is suspected, contact a veterinarian." }, "evidence": { "level": "low", "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference", "species_specific": false, "direct_veterinary_source": true, "source_count": 1 } }, { "key": "chicken", "label": { "de": "Huhn", "en": "Chicken" }, "status": "only_specific_parts", "risk_certainty": "low", "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts", "feed_suitability": "only_specific_parts", "emergency_level": "contact_vet_if_ingested", "safe_parts": { "de": [ "Fruchtfleisch", "Schale" ], "en": [ "Fruit flesh", "Skin" ] }, "toxic_parts": { "de": [ "Samen (Kern)", "Blätter", "Rinde" ], "en": [ "Seeds (pit)", "Leaves", "Bark" ] }, "toxic_compounds": { "de": [ "Amygdalin" ], "en": [ "Amygdalin" ] }, "symptoms": { "de": [ "Atemnot", "Zittern", "Schwäche", "Erbrechen" ], "en": [ "Difficulty breathing", "Trembling", "Weakness", "Vomiting" ] }, "risk_factors": { "de": [ "Kernverzehr", "zugängliche fallende Früchte", "Blätter- oder Rindenkauen" ], "en": [ "Pit consumption", "access to fallen fruit", "leaf or bark chewing" ] }, "note": { "de": "Das Fruchtfleisch der Pflaume ist für Hühner in kleinen Mengen als Leckerli geeignet. Die Kerne enthalten Amygdalin, das Blausäure freisetzen kann und hochgiftig ist. Blätter und Rinde enthalten ebenfalls cyanogene Glykoside und sollten vermieden werden. Eine Überfütterung mit Frucht kann Durchfall verursachen.", "en": "Plum fruit flesh is suitable for chickens in small amounts as a treat. The pits contain amygdalin, which can release hydrogen cyanide and is highly toxic. Leaves and bark also contain cyanogenic glycosides and should be avoided. Overfeeding fruit can cause diarrhea." }, "evidence": { "level": "low", "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference", "species_specific": false, "direct_veterinary_source": false, "source_count": 0 } }, { "key": "duck", "label": { "de": "Ente", "en": "Duck" }, "status": "only_specific_parts", "risk_certainty": "low", "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts", "feed_suitability": "only_specific_parts", "emergency_level": "contact_vet_if_symptoms", "safe_parts": { "de": [ "Fruchtfleisch", "Schale" ], "en": [ "Fruit flesh", "Skin" ] }, "toxic_parts": { "de": [ "Samen (Kern)", "Blätter", "Rinde" ], "en": [ "Seeds (pit)", "Leaves", "Bark" ] }, "toxic_compounds": { "de": [ "Amygdalin" ], "en": [ "Amygdalin" ] }, "symptoms": { "de": [ "Erbrechen", "Durchfall", "Atembeschwerden" ], "en": [ "Vomiting", "Diarrhea", "Breathing difficulties" ] }, "risk_factors": { "de": [ "Kernverzehr", "Blatt- oder Rindenkonsum" ], "en": [ "Pit ingestion", "Leaf or bark consumption" ] }, "note": { "de": "Das Fruchtfleisch der Pflaume ist für Enten in kleinen Mengen als Leckerli geeignet. Kerne, Blätter und Rinde enthalten Amygdalin, das Blausäure freisetzen kann und zu Vergiftungserscheinungen führen kann. Nur das Fruchtfleisch füttern und Kerne entfernen. Übermäßiger Fruchtverzehr kann Durchfall verursachen.", "en": "The flesh of plums is suitable for ducks in small amounts as a treat. Pits, leaves, and bark contain amygdalin, which can release hydrogen cyanide and cause poisoning symptoms. Feed only the flesh and remove pits. Excessive fruit consumption may cause diarrhea." }, "evidence": { "level": "low", "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference", "species_specific": false, "direct_veterinary_source": false, "source_count": 0 } }, { "key": "goose", "label": { "de": "Gans", "en": "Goose" }, "status": "only_specific_parts", "risk_certainty": "low", "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts", "feed_suitability": "only_specific_parts", "emergency_level": "contact_vet_if_symptoms", "safe_parts": { "de": [ "Fruchtfleisch", "Schale" ], "en": [ "Fruit flesh", "Skin" ] }, "toxic_parts": { "de": [ "Samen (Kern)", "Blätter", "Rinde" ], "en": [ "Seeds (pit)", "Leaves", "Bark" ] }, "toxic_compounds": { "de": [ "Amygdalin" ], "en": [ "Amygdalin" ] }, "symptoms": { "de": [ "Erbrechen", "Durchfall", "Atembeschwerden" ], "en": [ "Vomiting", "Diarrhea", "Respiratory distress" ] }, "risk_factors": { "de": [ "Verzehr von Kernen oder Blättern", "Zugang zu fallendem Obst" ], "en": [ "Consumption of pits or leaves", "Access to fallen fruit" ] }, "note": { "de": "Das Fruchtfleisch der Pflaume ist für Gänse in kleinen Mengen als Leckerbissen geeignet, jedoch enthalten Kerne, Blätter und Rinde Amygdalin, das Blausäure freisetzen kann. Eine Vergiftung ist zwar selten, aber möglich bei größerem Verzehr gefährlicher Teile. Beobachten Sie die Tiere auf Symptome und kontaktieren Sie bei Auffälligkeiten einen Tierarzt.", "en": "The flesh of European plum is suitable for geese in small amounts as an occasional treat, however pits, leaves, and bark contain amygdalin which can release hydrogen cyanide. Poisoning is rare but possible with significant consumption of toxic parts. Monitor animals for symptoms and contact a veterinarian if signs appear." }, "evidence": { "level": "low", "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference", "species_specific": false, "direct_veterinary_source": true, "source_count": 1 } }, { "key": "sheep", "label": { "de": "Schaf", "en": "Sheep" }, "status": "only_specific_parts", "risk_certainty": "low", "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts", "feed_suitability": "only_specific_parts", "emergency_level": "contact_vet_if_ingested", "safe_parts": { "de": [ "Fruchtfleisch", "Schale" ], "en": [ "Fruit flesh", "Skin" ] }, "toxic_parts": { "de": [ "Samen (Kern)", "Blätter", "Rinde" ], "en": [ "Seeds (pit)", "Leaves", "Bark" ] }, "toxic_compounds": { "de": [ "Amygdalin" ], "en": [ "Amygdalin" ] }, "symptoms": { "de": [ "Atemnot", "Zittern", "Schleimhautreizung" ], "en": [ "Respiratory distress", "Tremors", "Mucosal irritation" ] }, "risk_factors": { "de": [ "Zugang zu fallendem Obst mit Kernen", "Blätterfraß bei knappem Futterangebot" ], "en": [ "Access to fallen fruit with pits", "Leaf browsing during scarce forage" ] }, "note": { "de": "Das Fruchtfleisch der Pflaume ist für Schafe allgemein sicher in Maßen, jedoch enthalten Kerne, Blätter und Rinde Amygdalin, das Blausäure freisetzen kann. Bei Verzehr großer Mengen gefährlicher Teile besteht Vergiftungsrisiko. Nur das Fruchtfleisch ohne Kerne als gelegentlichen Leckerbissen anbieten.", "en": "The fruit flesh of plum is generally safe for sheep in moderation, however pits, leaves, and bark contain amygdalin which can release hydrogen cyanide. Consumption of large amounts of hazardous parts poses poisoning risk. Offer only pit-free fruit flesh as an occasional treat." }, "evidence": { "level": "low", "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference", "species_specific": false, "direct_veterinary_source": false, "source_count": 0 } }, { "key": "goat", "label": { "de": "Ziege", "en": "Goat" }, "status": "only_specific_parts", "risk_certainty": "low", "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts", "feed_suitability": "only_specific_parts", "emergency_level": "contact_vet_if_ingested", "safe_parts": { "de": [ "Fruchtfleisch", "Schale" ], "en": [ "Fruit flesh", "Skin" ] }, "toxic_parts": { "de": [ "Samen (Kern)", "Blätter", "Rinde" ], "en": [ "Seeds (pit)", "Leaves", "Bark" ] }, "toxic_compounds": { "de": [ "Amygdalin" ], "en": [ "Amygdalin" ] }, "symptoms": { "de": [ "Atemnot", "Zittern", "Schleimhautreizung" ], "en": [ "Difficulty breathing", "Tremors", "Mucous membrane irritation" ] }, "risk_factors": { "de": [ "Verzehr von Samen oder welken Blättern", "Zugang zu fallendem Obst mit Kernen" ], "en": [ "Consumption of seeds or wilted leaves", "Access to fallen fruit with pits" ] }, "note": { "de": "Das Fruchtfleisch der Pflaume ist für Ziegen allgemein sicher in Maßen, aber Samen, Blätter und Rinde enthalten Amygdalin, das Blausäure freisetzen kann. Eine Überwachung wird empfohlen, wenn Zugang zu fallendem Obst besteht.", "en": "The flesh of plums is generally safe for goats in moderation, but seeds, leaves, and bark contain amygdalin, which can release cyanide. Monitoring is advised if access to fallen fruit exists." }, "evidence": { "level": "low", "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference", "species_specific": false, "direct_veterinary_source": false, "source_count": 0 } }, { "key": "cattle", "label": { "de": "Rind", "en": "Cattle" }, "status": "only_specific_parts", "risk_certainty": "low", "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts", "feed_suitability": "only_specific_parts", "emergency_level": "contact_vet_if_ingested", "safe_parts": { "de": [ "Fruchtfleisch", "Schale" ], "en": [ "Fruit flesh", "Skin" ] }, "toxic_parts": { "de": [ "Samen (Kern)", "Blätter", "Rinde" ], "en": [ "Seeds (pit)", "Leaves", "Bark" ] }, "toxic_compounds": { "de": [ "Amygdalin" ], "en": [ "Amygdalin" ] }, "symptoms": { "de": [ "Atemnot", "Zittern", "Schleimhautreizung" ], "en": [ "Respiratory distress", "Tremors", "Mucosal irritation" ] }, "risk_factors": { "de": [ "Kernverzehr", "welke Blätter", "Rindenkauen" ], "en": [ "Pit ingestion", "wilted leaves", "bark chewing" ] }, "note": { "de": "Fruchtfleisch und Schale sind in Maßen sicher, aber Samen, Blätter und Rinde enthalten Amygdalin, das Blausäure freisetzen kann. Bei Verdacht auf Kern- oder Blattverzehr Tierarzt kontaktieren.", "en": "Fruit flesh and skin are safe in moderation, but seeds, leaves, and bark contain amygdalin, which can release hydrogen cyanide. Contact a veterinarian if pit or leaf ingestion is suspected." }, "evidence": { "level": "low", "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference", "species_specific": false, "direct_veterinary_source": false, "source_count": 0 } }, { "key": "pig", "label": { "de": "Schwein", "en": "Pig" }, "status": "only_specific_parts", "risk_certainty": "low", "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts", "feed_suitability": "only_specific_parts", "emergency_level": "contact_vet_if_symptoms", "safe_parts": { "de": [ "Fruchtfleisch", "Schale" ], "en": [ "Fruit flesh", "Skin" ] }, "toxic_parts": { "de": [ "Samen (Kern)", "Blätter", "Rinde" ], "en": [ "Seeds (pit)", "Leaves", "Bark" ] }, "toxic_compounds": { "de": [ "Amygdalin" ], "en": [ "Amygdalin" ] }, "symptoms": { "de": [ "Erbrechen", "Durchfall", "Atembeschwerden", "Schwäche" ], "en": [ "Vomiting", "Diarrhea", "Breathing difficulties", "Weakness" ] }, "risk_factors": { "de": [ "Zugang zu fallendem Obst mit Kernen", "Beschädigte oder welke Blätter", "Unkontrollierter Zugang zu Baum oder Strauch" ], "en": [ "Access to fallen fruit with pits", "Damaged or wilted leaves", "Uncontrolled access to tree or shrub" ] }, "note": { "de": "Das Fruchtfleisch der Pflaume ist für Schweine in kleinen Mengen als Leckerli geeignet. Kerne, Blätter und Rinde enthalten Amygdalin, das Blausäure freisetzen kann und zu Vergiftungserscheinungen führen kann. Schweine sollten keinen Zugang zu fallendem Obst mit Kernen haben. Bei Verzehr gefährlicher Teile sofort tierärztlichen Rat einholen.", "en": "The flesh of the plum is suitable for pigs in small amounts as a treat. Pits, leaves, and bark contain amygdalin, which can release hydrogen cyanide and lead to poisoning symptoms. Pigs should not have access to fallen fruit with pits. If toxic parts are consumed, seek veterinary advice immediately." }, "evidence": { "level": "low", "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference", "species_specific": false, "direct_veterinary_source": false, "source_count": 0 } } ] }, "seed_saving": { "difficulty": { "de": "Hoch (Sortenechtheit nicht garantiert)", "en": "High (varietal purity not guaranteed)" }, "method": { "de": "Kaltstratifikation der gereinigten Steine über den Winter.", "en": "Cold stratification of cleaned pits over winter." } }, "seed_saving_advanced": { "genetic_notes": { "de": "Sämlinge weichen meist stark von der Muttersorte ab; dienen meist als Unterlage.", "en": "Seedlings usually deviate significantly from the parent variety; mostly used as rootstocks." }, "stratification_details": { "de": "3-4 Monate bei 1-5°C in feuchtem Sand lagern.", "en": "Store in moist sand at 1-5°C for 3-4 months." } }, "varieties": [ { "slug": "hauszwetschge", "name": { "de": "Hauszwetschge", "en": "German Prune" }, "scientific_name": "Prunus domestica 'Hauszwetschge'", "pollination_status": "self_fertile", "ripening_period": { "de": "Spät (Ende August bis September)", "en": "Late (late August to September)" }, "fruit_characteristics": { "de": "Länglich-oval, dunkelblau, festes, süßes Fruchtfleisch, gut steinlösend.", "en": "Oblong-oval, dark blue, firm, sweet flesh, freestone." }, "use": { "de": [ "Frischverzehr", "Kuchen", "Marmelade", "Dörren" ], "en": [ "Fresh eating", "Cakes", "Jam", "Drying" ] }, "notes": { "de": "Sehr alte, bewährte Sorte mit hervorragendem Aroma, anfällig für Scharka-Virus.", "en": "Very old, proven variety with excellent aroma, susceptible to Plum Pox virus." } }, { "slug": "jojo", "name": { "de": "Jojo", "en": "Jojo" }, "scientific_name": "Prunus domestica 'Jojo'", "pollination_status": "self_fertile", "ripening_period": { "de": "Mittelspät (August)", "en": "Mid-late (August)" }, "fruit_characteristics": { "de": "Mittelgroß, dunkelblau, saftig, süß-säuerlich, gut steinlösend.", "en": "Medium-sized, dark blue, juicy, sweet-sour, freestone." }, "use": { "de": [ "Frischverzehr", "Kuchen", "Marmelade" ], "en": [ "Fresh eating", "Cakes", "Jam" ] }, "notes": { "de": "Erste scharkaresistente Zwetschgensorte, ideal für Hausgärten in Risikogebieten.", "en": "First Sharka-resistant plum variety, ideal for home gardens in risk areas." } }, { "slug": "cacaks-schoene", "name": { "de": "Cacaks Schöne", "en": "Cacak's Beauty" }, "scientific_name": "Prunus domestica 'Cacaks Schöne'", "pollination_status": "self_fertile", "ripening_period": { "de": "Mittel (Anfang August)", "en": "Mid (early August)" }, "fruit_characteristics": { "de": "Groß, oval, blauviolett, festes, saftiges Fruchtfleisch, gut steinlösend.", "en": "Large, oval, blue-violet, firm, juicy flesh, freestone." }, "use": { "de": [ "Frischverzehr", "Kuchen", "Konservierung" ], "en": [ "Fresh eating", "Cakes", "Preserving" ] }, "notes": { "de": "Sehr ertragreich und robust, weit verbreitet im Erwerbs- und Hobbyanbau.", "en": "Very productive and robust, widely cultivated commercially and by hobby gardeners." } }, { "slug": "grosse-gruene-renekolde", "name": { "de": "Große Grüne Reneklode", "en": "Reine Claude Verte" }, "scientific_name": "Prunus domestica 'Große Grüne Reneklode'", "pollination_status": "not_self_fertile", "ripening_period": { "de": "Spät (Ende August bis September)", "en": "Late (late August to September)" }, "fruit_characteristics": { "de": "Rundlich, grüngelb, sehr süß, saftig, oft schwer steinlösend.", "en": "Roundish, green-yellow, very sweet, juicy, often clingstone." }, "use": { "de": [ "Frischverzehr", "Edelbrand" ], "en": [ "Fresh eating", "Distilling" ] }, "notes": { "de": "Benötigt eine Befruchtersorte (z.B. 'Oullins Reneklode') in der Nähe. Eine der besten Tafel-Pflaumen.", "en": "Requires a pollinator variety (e.g., 'Oullins Gage') nearby. One of the best dessert plums." } }, { "slug": "mirabelle-von-nancy", "name": { "de": "Mirabelle von Nancy", "en": "Mirabelle de Nancy" }, "scientific_name": "Prunus domestica subsp. syriaca 'Mirabelle von Nancy'", "pollination_status": "self_fertile", "ripening_period": { "de": "Früh (Juli bis August)", "en": "Early (July to August)" }, "fruit_characteristics": { "de": "Klein, rundlich, goldgelb mit roten Punkten, sehr süß, gut steinlösend.", "en": "Small, roundish, golden-yellow with red dots, very sweet, freestone." }, "use": { "de": [ "Frischverzehr", "Marmelade", "Kompott", "Edelbrand" ], "en": [ "Fresh eating", "Jam", "Compote", "Distilling" ] }, "notes": { "de": "Sehr beliebte Mirabellensorte mit hohem Ertrag und gutem Aroma.", "en": "Very popular Mirabelle variety with high yield and good aroma." } } ], "rootstocks": [ { "slug": "wangenheim", "name": { "de": "Wangenheim", "en": "Wangenheim" }, "scientific_name": "Prunus domestica 'Wangenheim'", "vigor": "medium", "tree_size_effect": { "de": "Mittelstark wachsend, für Buschbaum und Halbstamm geeignet.", "en": "Medium vigor, suitable for bush trees and half-standards." }, "soil_suitability": { "de": "Für alle guten Böden geeignet, auch für leichtere Böden.", "en": "Suitable for all good soils, including lighter soils." }, "anchorage": { "de": "Gute Standfestigkeit.", "en": "Good anchorage." }, "notes": { "de": "Fördert frühe und hohe Erträge, gute Kompatibilität mit vielen Sorten.", "en": "Promotes early and high yields, good compatibility with many varieties." } }, { "slug": "st-julien-a", "name": { "de": "St. Julien A", "en": "St. Julien A" }, "scientific_name": "Prunus insititia 'St. Julien A'", "vigor": "medium", "tree_size_effect": { "de": "Mittelstark wachsend, für Buschbaum, Halbstamm und Spalier geeignet.", "en": "Medium vigor, suitable for bush trees, half-standards, and espaliers." }, "soil_suitability": { "de": "Breite Bodentoleranz, auch für schwerere Böden.", "en": "Wide soil tolerance, also for heavier soils." }, "anchorage": { "de": "Sehr gute Standfestigkeit.", "en": "Very good anchorage." }, "notes": { "de": "Sehr verbreitete und bewährte Unterlage, fördert gute Fruchtqualität.", "en": "Very common and proven rootstock, promotes good fruit quality." } }, { "slug": "pixy", "name": { "de": "Pixy", "en": "Pixy" }, "scientific_name": "Prunus insititia 'Pixy'", "vigor": "dwarfing", "tree_size_effect": { "de": "Schwach wachsend, für kleine Gärten, Kübel und Säulenformen.", "en": "Dwarfing, suitable for small gardens, containers, and columnar forms." }, "soil_suitability": { "de": "Benötigt gute, nährstoffreiche Böden und ausreichende Bewässerung.", "en": "Requires good, nutrient-rich soils and adequate irrigation." }, "anchorage": { "de": "Benötigt oft eine Stütze.", "en": "Often requires support." }, "notes": { "de": "Fördert sehr frühe Erträge, ideal für den Anbau auf Balkon oder Terrasse.", "en": "Promotes very early yields, ideal for balcony or patio cultivation." } }, { "slug": "brompton", "name": { "de": "Brompton", "en": "Brompton" }, "scientific_name": "Prunus domestica 'Brompton'", "vigor": "vigorous", "tree_size_effect": { "de": "Stark wachsend, für Hochstämme und Streuobstwiesen.", "en": "Vigorous, suitable for standard trees and traditional orchards." }, "soil_suitability": { "de": "Tolerant gegenüber verschiedenen Bodentypen, auch weniger optimale Standorte.", "en": "Tolerant of various soil types, even less optimal sites." }, "anchorage": { "de": "Sehr gute Standfestigkeit.", "en": "Very good anchorage." }, "notes": { "de": "Erreicht große Baumformen, langlebig, aber spätere Ertragsreife.", "en": "Achieves large tree forms, long-lived, but later bearing." } }, { "slug": "myrobalan", "name": { "de": "Wilde Kirschpflaume", "en": "Myrobalan Plum" }, "scientific_name": "Prunus cerasifera", "vigor": "very_vigorous", "tree_size_effect": { "de": "Sehr stark wachsend, für Hochstämme und ungünstige Standorte.", "en": "Very vigorous, suitable for standard trees and unfavorable sites." }, "soil_suitability": { "de": "Sehr anspruchslos, auch für trockene und nährstoffarme Böden.", "en": "Very undemanding, also for dry and nutrient-poor soils." }, "anchorage": { "de": "Ausgezeichnete Standfestigkeit.", "en": "Excellent anchorage." }, "notes": { "de": "Verleiht dem Baum eine hohe Widerstandsfähigkeit und Langlebigkeit, aber späte Erträge.", "en": "Imparts high resilience and longevity to the tree, but late yields." } } ], "woody_crop_details": { "training_systems_to_research": [ "Spindelbusch", "Buschbaum", "Halbstamm", "Hochstamm", "Spalier" ], "rootstock_relevance": "high", "renewal_pruning_relevance": "high", "notes": { "de": "Die Wahl der Unterlage und der Erziehungsform ist entscheidend für die spätere Baumgröße, den Ertrag und die Pflegeintensität von Pflaumenbäumen. Schwachwüchsige Unterlagen eignen sich für kleine Gärten und Kübel, starkwüchsige für große Gärten und Streuobstwiesen.", "en": "The choice of rootstock and training system is crucial for the eventual tree size, yield, and maintenance intensity of plum trees. Dwarfing rootstocks are suitable for small gardens and containers, while vigorous ones are for large gardens and traditional orchards." } }, "pruning_logic": { "scope": "Prunus domestica (Pflaume, Zwetschge, Mirabelle, Reneklode)", "system": "Mixed pruning (winter for structure, summer for fruit)", "remove": { "de": [ "Totes, krankes oder beschädigtes Holz", "Nach innen wachsende oder sich kreuzende Äste", "Wasserschosse und zu starke Konkurrenztriebe", "Altes, abgetragenes Fruchtholz (Erneuerungsschnitt)", "Zu dicht stehende Früchte (Fruchtausdünnung)" ], "en": [ "Dead, diseased, or damaged wood", "Inward-growing or crossing branches", "Water shoots and overly vigorous competing shoots", "Old, unproductive fruiting wood (renewal pruning)", "Overcrowded fruits (fruit thinning)" ] }, "preserve": { "de": [ "Junge, gut positionierte Fruchttriebe", "Leitäste für eine offene Kronenstruktur", "Fruchtspieße und kurzes Fruchtholz", "Ausreichend Licht und Luft in der Krone" ], "en": [ "Young, well-positioned fruiting shoots", "Scaffold branches for an open canopy structure", "Fruit spurs and short fruiting wood", "Sufficient light and air circulation within the canopy" ] }, "avoid": { "de": [ "Große Schnittwunden im Winter (Gefahr von Gummifluss und Pilzbefall)", "Zu starken Rückschnitt bei älteren Bäumen (fördert Wasserschosse)", "Entfernung von zu viel jungem Fruchtholz", "Schnitt bei Frost oder feuchtem Wetter (Pilzinfektionen)" ], "en": [ "Large cuts in winter (risk of gummosis and fungal infection)", "Excessive pruning on older trees (promotes water shoots)", "Removal of too much young fruiting wood", "Pruning during frost or wet weather (fungal infections)" ] }, "timing_rules": [ { "season": "winter", "months": [ 1, 2, 3 ], "purpose": { "de": "Aufbau- und Erziehungsschnitt bei Jungbäumen, Korrekturschnitt bei älteren Bäumen.", "en": "Formative and training pruning for young trees, corrective pruning for older trees." }, "notes": { "de": "Nur an frostfreien Tagen durchführen. Fördert das Wachstum und die Verzweigung.", "en": "Perform only on frost-free days. Promotes growth and branching." } }, { "season": "summer", "months": [ 7, 8 ], "purpose": { "de": "Auslichtungsschnitt nach der Ernte zur Förderung der Fruchtqualität im Folgejahr und zur besseren Belichtung.", "en": "Thinning pruning after harvest to promote fruit quality for the following year and improve light penetration." }, "notes": { "de": "Reduziert die Bildung von Wasserschossen und fördert die Blütenknospenbildung. Ideal bei trockenem Wetter.", "en": "Reduces water shoot formation and promotes flower bud development. Ideal in dry weather." } } ], "cut_location_rules": { "de": [ "Schnitt immer auf einen nach außen zeigenden Trieb oder eine Knospe.", "Große Äste auf Astring schneiden, um die Wundheilung zu fördern.", "Bei Fruchtholzverjüngung auf einen jüngeren Seitentrieb ableiten." ], "en": [ "Always cut to an outward-facing shoot or bud.", "Cut large branches to the branch collar to promote wound healing.", "When rejuvenating fruiting wood, cut back to a younger side shoot." ] }, "tool_hygiene": { "de": "Schnittwerkzeuge vor und nach dem Schnitt sowie zwischen verschiedenen Bäumen desinfizieren, um die Übertragung von Krankheiten (insbesondere Scharka-Virus) zu vermeiden.", "en": "Disinfect pruning tools before and after pruning, and between different trees, to prevent the spread of diseases (especially Plum Pox virus)." }, "diagram_requirements": { "de": [ "Schema eines Spindelbusches mit Leittrieb und Seitenästen.", "Darstellung eines Astring-Schnitts.", "Beispiele für das Entfernen von Wasserschossen und sich kreuzenden Ästen." ], "en": [ "Diagram of a spindle bush with central leader and side branches.", "Illustration of a branch collar cut.", "Examples of removing water shoots and crossing branches." ] }, "notes": { "de": "Pflaumenbäume neigen zu Gummifluss, besonders nach starken Schnitten. Daher ist ein maßvoller Sommerschnitt dem Winterschnitt oft vorzuziehen, um die Wundheilung zu verbessern und die Vitalität des Baumes zu erhalten.", "en": "Plum trees are prone to gummosis, especially after heavy pruning. Therefore, moderate summer pruning is often preferable to winter pruning to improve wound healing and maintain tree vitality." } }, "pruning_training": [ { "slug": "spindelbusch", "name": { "de": "Spindelbusch", "en": "Spindle Bush" }, "description": { "de": "Eine schlanke, kegelförmige Erziehungsform mit einem zentralen Leittrieb und kurzen, waagerechten Seitenästen. Ideal für kleine Gärten und hohe Erträge auf geringer Fläche.", "en": "A slender, conical training system with a central leader and short, horizontal side branches. Ideal for small gardens and high yields in a limited space." }, "purpose": { "de": "Maximierung des Ertrags auf kleiner Fläche, gute Belichtung der Früchte, einfache Ernte.", "en": "Maximizing yield in a small area, good fruit exposure to light, easy harvesting." }, "notes": { "de": "Erfordert regelmäßigen Schnitt und oft eine Stütze. Nur mit schwach- bis mittelstark wachsenden Unterlagen möglich.", "en": "Requires regular pruning and often support. Only possible with dwarfing to medium-vigor rootstocks." } }, { "slug": "buschbaum", "name": { "de": "Buschbaum", "en": "Bush Tree" }, "description": { "de": "Ein Baum mit kurzem Stamm (ca. 60-80 cm) und einer runden, offenen Krone. Eine klassische Form für Hausgärten.", "en": "A tree with a short trunk (approx. 60-80 cm) and a round, open canopy. A classic form for home gardens." }, "purpose": { "de": "Gute Erträge, relativ einfache Pflege, zugänglich für Ernte und Schnitt ohne Leiter.", "en": "Good yields, relatively easy maintenance, accessible for harvesting and pruning without a ladder." }, "notes": { "de": "Geeignet für mittelstark wachsende Unterlagen. Benötigt eine stabile Kronenstruktur.", "en": "Suitable for medium-vigor rootstocks. Requires a stable canopy structure." } }, { "slug": "halbstamm", "name": { "de": "Halbstamm", "en": "Half-Standard" }, "description": { "de": "Ein Baum mit einem Stamm von ca. 120-160 cm Höhe, darüber eine frei wachsende Krone. Gut für größere Gärten und zur Unterpflanzung.", "en": "A tree with a trunk of approx. 120-160 cm height, above which a free-growing canopy develops. Good for larger gardens and underplanting." }, "purpose": { "de": "Kombination aus gutem Ertrag und Platz für Unterpflanzung, weniger anfällig für Wildverbiss am Stamm.", "en": "Combination of good yield and space for underplanting, less susceptible to wildlife damage on the trunk." }, "notes": { "de": "Benötigt mittelstark bis stark wachsende Unterlagen. Ernte und Schnitt erfordern oft eine kleine Leiter.", "en": "Requires medium to vigorous rootstocks. Harvesting and pruning often require a small ladder." } }, { "slug": "spalier", "name": { "de": "Spalier", "en": "Espalier" }, "description": { "de": "Flache Erziehungsform an einer Wand oder einem Gerüst, bei der die Äste horizontal oder fächerförmig geleitet werden.", "en": "Flat training system against a wall or frame, where branches are guided horizontally or in a fan shape." }, "purpose": { "de": "Optimale Nutzung von Wandflächen, Wärmespeicherung, dekorativer Wert, frühere Reife.", "en": "Optimal use of wall space, heat retention, decorative value, earlier ripening." }, "notes": { "de": "Sehr arbeitsintensiv im Schnitt und in der Erziehung. Ideal für wärmeliebende Sorten und geschützte Lagen.", "en": "Very labor-intensive in pruning and training. Ideal for heat-loving varieties and sheltered locations." } } ], "ecology": { "pollinator_value": "high", "wildlife_value": "high", "biodiversity_notes": { "de": "Die frühe Blüte ist eine wichtige Nahrungsquelle für Wildbienen. Überreife Früchte am Baum werden von Schmetterlingen und Vögeln geschätzt.", "en": "Early blossoms are a vital food source for wild bees. Overripe fruits left on the tree are valued by butterflies and birds." } }, "practical_notes": [ { "topic": "variety_selection", "notes": { "de": "Wählen Sie in Gebieten mit bekanntem Scharka-Vorkommen unbedingt resistente Sorten wie 'Jojo'.", "en": "In areas with known Sharka outbreaks, strictly choose resistant varieties like 'Jojo'." } } ], "seasonal_content": { "spring": { "de": "Zeit für Pflanzung und Düngung mit Kompost.", "en": "Time for planting and fertilizing with compost." }, "summer": { "de": "Haupterntezeit und Sommerschnitt nach der Ernte.", "en": "Main harvest time and summer pruning after harvest." }, "autumn": { "de": "Pflanzzeit für wurzelnackte Bäume; Laub entfernen.", "en": "Planting time for bare-root trees; remove fallen leaves." }, "winter": { "de": "Kontrolle auf Fruchtmumien und Winterschnitt.", "en": "Check for mummified fruits and perform winter pruning." } }, "slug": "pflaume", "sources": [ { "title": "Wikidata entity", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44120", "publisher": "Wikidata", "date_accessed": "2026-05-15" }, { "title": "GBIF species match", "url": "https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/match?name=Prunus%20domestica&kingdom=Plantae", "publisher": "GBIF", "date_accessed": "2026-05-15" }, { "title": "Deutschsprachige Wikipedia: Pflaume", "url": "https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pflaume", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "date_accessed": "2026-05-15" }, { "title": "English Wikipedia: Prunus domestica", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_domestica", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "date_accessed": "2026-05-15" } ] }