{
  "names": {
    "common": {
      "de": "Petersilie",
      "en": "parsley"
    },
    "plural": {
      "de": "Petersilien",
      "en": "parsley"
    },
    "botanical": "Petroselinum crispum",
    "botanical_author": "(Mill.) Fuss",
    "scientific_synonyms": [
      "Apium crispum",
      "Petroselinum hortense",
      "Petroselinum sativum",
      "Petroselinum vulgare",
      "Carum petroselinum"
    ],
    "synonyms": {
      "de": [
        "Petersil",
        "Peterle",
        "Peterling",
        "Petergrün",
        "Silk"
      ],
      "en": [
        "garden parsley",
        "common parsley"
      ]
    },
    "common_synonyms": {
      "de": [
        "Peterli",
        "Felsensilge"
      ],
      "en": [
        "rock parsley"
      ]
    },
    "regional_names": {
      "de": [
        "Petersil (Österreich/Altbayern)",
        "Peterli (Schweiz)"
      ]
    },
    "market_names": {
      "de": [
        "Schnittpetersilie"
      ],
      "en": [
        "leaf parsley"
      ]
    },
    "misspellings": {
      "de": [
        "Pettersilie"
      ],
      "en": [
        "parsly"
      ]
    },
    "international_names": {
      "fr": [
        "persil"
      ],
      "es": [
        "perejil"
      ],
      "it": [
        "prezzemolo"
      ],
      "pl": [
        "pietruszka zwyczajna"
      ]
    },
    "ambiguous_names": [
      {
        "name": "Perejil",
        "language": "es",
        "shared_with": [
          "Isla del Perejil"
        ],
        "clarification": {
          "de": "Bezieht sich hier auf die Pflanze, nicht auf die Insel.",
          "en": "Refers to the plant species, not the islet."
        }
      }
    ],
    "search_terms": {
      "de": [
        "Petersilie",
        "Küchenkräuter",
        "Apiaceae"
      ],
      "en": [
        "parsley",
        "culinary herbs",
        "garden herbs"
      ]
    }
  },
  "taxonomy": {
    "kingdom": "Plantae",
    "clades": [
      "Tracheophyta",
      "Angiospermae",
      "Eudicotyledonae",
      "Asteridae"
    ],
    "order": "Apiales",
    "family_botanical": "Apiaceae",
    "family": {
      "de": "Doldenblütler",
      "en": "celery family"
    },
    "family_id": "apiaceae",
    "subfamily": "Apioideae",
    "tribe": "Apieae",
    "genus": "Petroselinum",
    "species": "Petroselinum crispum",
    "hybrid_status": "not_hybrid",
    "related_crops": [
      "Daucus carota",
      "Apium graveolens",
      "Coriandrum sativum"
    ]
  },
  "classification": {
    "main_group": "herbs",
    "sub_group": "culinary_herbs",
    "crop_group": "leafy_herbs",
    "life_cycle": "biennial",
    "perennial": false,
    "woody": false,
    "tree": false,
    "shrub": false,
    "edible_parts": {
      "de": [
        "Blätter",
        "Stiele",
        "Wurzeln"
      ],
      "en": [
        "leaves",
        "stems",
        "roots"
      ]
    },
    "nutrient_group": "light_feeder"
  },
  "calendar": {
    "sowing_indoor": {
      "months": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "earliest_month": 2,
      "latest_month": 3,
      "notes": {
        "de": "Vorkultur in Töpfen auf der Fensterbank möglich.",
        "en": "Pre-culture in pots on a windowsill is possible."
      }
    },
    "sowing_outdoor": {
      "months": [
        3,
        4,
        5,
        6,
        7
      ],
      "earliest_month": 3,
      "latest_month": 7,
      "notes": {
        "de": "Direktsaat ins Freiland; Keimung dauert bei niedrigen Temperaturen lange.",
        "en": "Direct sowing in the open ground; germination takes a long time at low temperatures."
      }
    },
    "planting_out": {
      "months": [
        4,
        5
      ],
      "earliest_month": 4,
      "latest_month": 5,
      "notes": {
        "de": "Vorgezogene Jungpflanzen vorsichtig ohne Wurzelbeschädigung setzen.",
        "en": "Plant out seedlings carefully without damaging the roots."
      }
    },
    "harvest": {
      "months": [
        5,
        6,
        7,
        8,
        9,
        10,
        11
      ],
      "earliest_month": 5,
      "latest_month": 11,
      "notes": {
        "de": "Laufende Ernte der äußeren Blätter; das Herzblatt stehen lassen.",
        "en": "Continuous harvest of outer leaves; leave the heart leaf intact."
      }
    },
    "month_tasks": {
      "2": [
        {
          "de": "Beginn der Vorkultur im Haus.",
          "en": "Start indoor pre-culture."
        }
      ],
      "3": [
        {
          "de": "Erste Direktsaat ins Beet bei offenem Boden.",
          "en": "First direct sowing in the bed if soil is workable."
        }
      ],
      "4": [
        {
          "de": "Boden feucht halten, Unkraut jäten.",
          "en": "Keep soil moist, weed regularly."
        }
      ],
      "5": [
        {
          "de": "Erste Ernte der Blätter beginnen.",
          "en": "Begin first leaf harvest."
        }
      ],
      "6": [
        {
          "de": "Folgesaat für späte Ernte ausbringen.",
          "en": "Sow succession crops for late harvest."
        }
      ],
      "7": [
        {
          "de": "Ausreichend wässern bei Trockenheit.",
          "en": "Water adequately during dry spells."
        }
      ],
      "8": [
        {
          "de": "Blätter für den Wintervorrat trocknen oder einfrieren.",
          "en": "Dry or freeze leaves for winter storage."
        }
      ],
      "9": [
        {
          "de": "Letzte große Ernte vor dem Frost.",
          "en": "Last major harvest before frost."
        }
      ],
      "10": [
        {
          "de": "Wurzeln der Wurzelpetersilie einschlagen.",
          "en": "Store Hamburg parsley roots in sand."
        }
      ],
      "11": [
        {
          "de": "Beete mit Vlies abdecken für längere Ernte.",
          "en": "Cover beds with fleece for extended harvest."
        }
      ]
    }
  },
  "book_content": {
    "overview": {
      "de": "Die Petersilie ist das Herzstück des mitteleuropäischen Kräutergartens. Ob kraus oder glatt, sie bereichert fast jedes herzhafte Gericht mit ihrer frischen Würze. Als zweijährige Pflanze fordert sie vom Gärtner Geduld bei der Keimung und Disziplin bei der Fruchtfolge, belohnt dies aber mit einer Ernte bis weit in den Winter hinein.",
      "en": "Parsley is the crown jewel of the Central European herb garden. Whether curly or flat-leaf, it enriches almost any savory dish with its fresh aroma. As a biennial plant, it requires patience during germination and discipline with crop rotation, but rewards the gardener with a harvest extending deep into winter."
    }
  },
  "structured_month_tasks": {
    "3": [
      {
        "task": "sowing",
        "label": {
          "de": "Direktsaat",
          "en": "Direct Sowing"
        },
        "priority": "medium",
        "months": [
          3,
          4,
          5
        ],
        "condition": "frost-free soil",
        "estimated_effort": "low",
        "notes": {
          "de": "Samen 1-2 cm tief säen und gleichmäßig feucht halten.",
          "en": "Sow seeds 1-2 cm deep and keep consistently moist."
        }
      }
    ],
    "6": [
      {
        "task": "maintenance",
        "label": {
          "de": "Wässern und Jäten",
          "en": "Watering and Weeding"
        },
        "priority": "high",
        "months": [
          6,
          7,
          8
        ],
        "condition": "dry weather",
        "estimated_effort": "medium",
        "notes": {
          "de": "Petersilie verträgt keine Staunässe, darf aber nie ganz austrocknen.",
          "en": "Parsley does not tolerate waterlogging but must never dry out completely."
        }
      }
    ]
  },
  "cultivation_specs": {
    "seed": {
      "seed_depth_cm_min": 1.0,
      "seed_depth_cm_max": 2.0,
      "light_germinator": false,
      "dark_germinator": true,
      "cold_germinator": false,
      "stratification_needed": false,
      "pre_soaking_recommended": true,
      "germination_temp_c_min": 8.0,
      "germination_temp_c_max": 20.0,
      "germination_days_min": 14,
      "germination_days_max": 28,
      "seed_lifespan_years_min": 2,
      "seed_lifespan_years_max": 3,
      "direct_sowing_possible": true,
      "pre_culture_recommended": false
    },
    "spacing": {
      "plant_spacing_cm_min": 15.0,
      "plant_spacing_cm_max": 20.0,
      "row_spacing_cm_min": 20.0,
      "row_spacing_cm_max": 30.0,
      "recommended_density_per_sqm_min": 25.0,
      "recommended_density_per_sqm_max": 35.0,
      "thinning_distance_cm": 10.0,
      "min_bed_width_cm": 40.0,
      "square_foot_gardening_spacing": "4-9 plants per square",
      "spacing_notes": {
        "de": "Zu dichte Saat führt zu Kümmerwuchs; bei Bedarf vereinzeln.",
        "en": "Sowing too densely leads to stunted growth; thin out if necessary."
      }
    },
    "growth_dimensions": {
      "height_cm_min": 20.0,
      "height_cm_max": 40.0,
      "width_cm_min": 15.0,
      "width_cm_max": 25.0,
      "root_depth_cm_min": 20.0,
      "root_depth_cm_max": 30.0,
      "root_spread_cm_min": 10.0,
      "root_spread_cm_max": 15.0,
      "growth_speed": "medium",
      "final_size_notes": {
        "de": "Im ersten Jahr bildet sich die Blattrosette, im zweiten der Blütenstängel.",
        "en": "Leaf rosette forms in the first year, flower stalk in the second."
      }
    },
    "temperature": {
      "min_growing_temp_c": 5.0,
      "optimal_temp_c_min": 15.0,
      "optimal_temp_c_max": 22.0,
      "max_heat_tolerance_c": 30.0,
      "soil_temp_for_sowing_c_min": 8.0,
      "soil_temp_for_sowing_c_optimal": 15.0,
      "frost_sensitive": false,
      "late_frost_sensitive": false,
      "heat_tolerance": "medium",
      "cold_tolerance": "high",
      "temperature_notes": {
        "de": "Frosthart, kann oft den ganzen Winter über geerntet werden.",
        "en": "Frost-hardy, can often be harvested throughout the winter."
      }
    },
    "water": {
      "water_need": "medium",
      "critical_water_phases": {
        "de": [
          "Keimphase",
          "Anwachsphase"
        ],
        "en": [
          "Germination phase",
          "Establishment phase"
        ]
      },
      "drought_tolerant": false,
      "drought_sensitivity": "high",
      "waterlogging_sensitive": true,
      "mulching_recommended": true,
      "water_notes": {
        "de": "Gleichmäßige Feuchtigkeit ist entscheidend für den Erfolg.",
        "en": "Consistent moisture is crucial for success."
      }
    },
    "nutrition": {
      "nutrient_group": "light_feeder",
      "heavy_feeder": false,
      "medium_feeder": false,
      "light_feeder": true,
      "nitrogen_need": "medium",
      "phosphorus_need": "low",
      "potassium_need": "medium",
      "calcium_need": "medium",
      "magnesium_need": "low",
      "compost_recommended": true,
      "mulching_recommended": true,
      "fertilizer_sensitivity": "medium",
      "nutrition_notes": {
        "de": "Überdüngung vermeiden, da dies das Aroma schwächt und Krankheiten fördert.",
        "en": "Avoid over-fertilizing as it weakens the aroma and promotes diseases."
      }
    },
    "container": {
      "container_suitable": true,
      "min_pot_volume_l": 2.0,
      "recommended_pot_volume_l": 5.0,
      "min_pot_depth_cm": 20.0,
      "min_pot_diameter_cm": 15.0,
      "plants_per_container_min": 1.0,
      "plants_per_container_max": 3.0,
      "drainage_required": true,
      "repotting_needed": false,
      "container_notes": {
        "de": "Hervorragend für Balkonkästen geeignet.",
        "en": "Excellent for balcony planter boxes."
      }
    },
    "support": {
      "needs_support": false,
      "support_recommended": false,
      "climbing": false,
      "vining": false,
      "trellis_recommended": false,
      "training_required": false,
      "support_notes": {
        "de": "Keine Unterstützung erforderlich.",
        "en": "No support required."
      }
    },
    "cultivation_modes": {
      "outdoor_bed_suitable": true,
      "raised_bed_suitable": true,
      "container_suitable": true,
      "balcony_suitable": true,
      "greenhouse_suitable": true,
      "polytunnel_suitable": true,
      "indoor_suitable": true,
      "windowsill_suitable": true,
      "hydroponic_possible": true,
      "permaculture_suitable": true,
      "no_dig_suitable": true
    },
    "yield_density": {
      "yield_per_plant_min": 50.0,
      "yield_per_plant_max": 150.0,
      "yield_unit": "g",
      "yield_per_sqm_min": 1.0,
      "yield_per_sqm_max": 2.5,
      "yield_reliability": "high",
      "yield_notes": {
        "de": "Ertrag hängt stark von der Sorte (Blatt vs. Wurzel) und Schnittfrequenz ab.",
        "en": "Yield depends heavily on variety (leaf vs. root) and cutting frequency."
      }
    }
  },
  "site": {
    "exposure": {
      "de": "Sonnig bis halbschattig",
      "en": "Sunny to partial shade"
    },
    "wind_protection": {
      "de": "Nicht zwingend erforderlich, aber vorteilhaft.",
      "en": "Not strictly necessary, but beneficial."
    }
  },
  "soil": {
    "type": {
      "de": "Humoser, tiefgründiger und durchlässiger Boden",
      "en": "Humus-rich, deep, and well-drained soil"
    },
    "ph_range": "6.0 - 7.0"
  },
  "watering": {
    "frequency": {
      "de": "Regelmäßig, Boden darf nicht austrocknen.",
      "en": "Regularly, soil must not dry out."
    }
  },
  "nutrition": {
    "fertilization_strategy": {
      "de": "Grunddüngung mit Kompost vor der Saat; ggf. leichte Nachdüngung im Sommer.",
      "en": "Basal dressing with compost before sowing; light top-dressing in summer if needed."
    }
  },
  "cultivation_planning": {
    "succession_sowing": {
      "possible": true,
      "interval_days_min": 21,
      "interval_days_max": 30
    },
    "bed_planning_notes": {
      "de": "Anbaupause von 4 Jahren einhalten (Selbstunverträglichkeit).",
      "en": "Observe a 4-year crop rotation break (self-intolerance)."
    },
    "rotation_priority": "high",
    "interplanting_potential": "high",
    "mechanization_relevance": "low"
  },
  "crop_rotation": {
    "rotation_break_years": 4,
    "preceding_crops": {
      "de": [
        "Kartoffeln",
        "Tomaten",
        "Zwiebeln",
        "Lauch"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Potatoes",
        "Tomatoes",
        "Onions",
        "Leeks"
      ]
    },
    "succeeding_crops": {
      "de": [
        "Salat",
        "Radieschen",
        "Kohlgewächse"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Lettuce",
        "Radishes",
        "Brassicas"
      ]
    },
    "rotation_notes": {
      "de": "Wegen Selbstunverträglichkeit und Wurzelschädlingen eine Anbaupause von 4 Jahren zu anderen Doldenblütlern einhalten.",
      "en": "Observe a 4-year break between other Apiaceae due to self-intolerance and root pests."
    }
  },
  "companion_planting": {
    "approach": "classic_intercropping",
    "good_neighbors": [
      {
        "slug": "solanum-lycopersicum",
        "name": {
          "de": "Tomate",
          "en": "Tomato"
        },
        "reason": {
          "de": "Petersilie profitiert vom Schatten der Tomatenpflanzen im Hochsommer.",
          "en": "Parsley benefits from the shade provided by tomato plants in midsummer."
        },
        "relationship_type": "symbiotic"
      },
      {
        "slug": "allium-cepa",
        "name": {
          "de": "Zwiebel",
          "en": "Onion"
        },
        "reason": {
          "de": "Zwiebeln helfen, bestimmte Schädlinge abzuwehren; Petersilie stört das Zwiebelwachstum nicht.",
          "en": "Onions help deter certain pests; parsley does not interfere with onion growth."
        },
        "relationship_type": "beneficial"
      }
    ],
    "bad_neighbors": [
      {
        "slug": "lactuca-sativa",
        "name": {
          "de": "Salat",
          "en": "Lettuce"
        },
        "reason": {
          "de": "Oft als ungünstig beschrieben, da beide ähnliche Nährstoffe beanspruchen.",
          "en": "Often described as unfavorable as both compete for similar nutrients."
        },
        "relationship_type": "competitive"
      },
      {
        "slug": "foeniculum-vulgare",
        "name": {
          "de": "Fenchel",
          "en": "Fennel"
        },
        "reason": {
          "de": "Enge Verwandtschaft führt zu Konkurrenz und Übertragung von Krankheiten.",
          "en": "Close botanical relationship leads to competition and disease transmission."
        },
        "relationship_type": "antagonistic"
      }
    ],
    "companion_scores": [
      {
        "target_slug": "solanum-lycopersicum",
        "score": 2,
        "reasons": [
          "shade_provision"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "design_rules": {
      "de": [
        "Nicht neben andere Doldenblütler (Möhren, Fenchel, Dill) pflanzen.",
        "In Mischkultur mit Tomaten an den schattigeren Fuß der Pflanzen setzen."
      ],
      "en": [
        "Do not plant next to other Apiaceae (carrots, fennel, dill).",
        "In companion planting with tomatoes, place at the shadier base of the plants."
      ]
    },
    "notes": {
      "de": "Gute Nachbarschaft zu Erdbeeren wird oft berichtet, ist aber wissenschaftlich weniger belegt.",
      "en": "Good companionship with strawberries is often reported but less scientifically proven."
    }
  },
  "deficiencies": [
    {
      "slug": "nitrogen-deficiency",
      "name": {
        "de": "Stickstoffmangel",
        "en": "Nitrogen deficiency"
      },
      "symptoms": {
        "de": "Gelbliche Verfärbung der älteren Blätter, schwacher Wuchs.",
        "en": "Yellowish discoloration of older leaves, weak growth."
      }
    }
  ],
  "problems": [
    {
      "slug": "germination-failure",
      "name": {
        "de": "Keimungshemmung",
        "en": "Germination inhibition"
      },
      "description": {
        "de": "Samen keimen ungleichmäßig oder gar nicht bei Trockenheit oder Kälte.",
        "en": "Seeds germinate unevenly or not at all in dry or cold conditions."
      }
    }
  ],
  "problem_management": {
    "common_pest_groups": {
      "de": [
        "Blattläuse",
        "Wühlmäuse",
        "Möhrenfliegen"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Aphids",
        "Voles",
        "Carrot rust flies"
      ]
    },
    "common_disease_groups": {
      "de": [
        "Echter Mehltau",
        "Falscher Mehltau",
        "Blattfleckenkrankheiten"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Powdery mildew",
        "Downy mildew",
        "Leaf spot diseases"
      ]
    },
    "prevention_principles": {
      "de": [
        "Fruchtfolge strikt einhalten",
        "Staunässe vermeiden",
        "Kulturschutznetze gegen Möhrenfliege verwenden"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Strictly follow crop rotation",
        "Avoid waterlogging",
        "Use insect meshes against carrot rust fly"
      ]
    },
    "diagnosis_notes": {
      "de": "Vergilbende Blätter im Sommer deuten oft auf Trockenstress oder Wurzelschäden hin.",
      "en": "Yellowing leaves in summer often indicate drought stress or root damage."
    }
  },
  "disease_graph": {
    "scope": "Petroselinum crispum",
    "profiles": [
      {
        "slug": "septoria-leaf-spot",
        "severity": "medium",
        "conditions": {
          "de": [
            "Hohe Luftfeuchtigkeit",
            "Überkopf-Bewässerung",
            "Enge Pflanzabstände"
          ],
          "en": [
            "High humidity",
            "Overhead watering",
            "Crowded spacing"
          ]
        },
        "affected_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Blätter",
            "Stiele"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Leaves",
            "Stems"
          ]
        },
        "prevention": {
          "de": [
            "Nur von unten gießen",
            "Abstände einhalten",
            "Resistente Sorten wählen"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Water from the base only",
            "Maintain spacing",
            "Choose resistant varieties"
          ]
        },
        "organic_control": {
          "de": [
            "Befallene Blätter entfernen",
            "Schachtelhalmextrakt zur Stärkung"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Remove infected leaves",
            "Horsetail extract for strengthening"
          ]
        }
      }
    ],
    "diagnostic_rules": [
      {
        "symptom": {
          "de": "Blätter werden gelb und welken trotz feuchtem Boden",
          "en": "Leaves turn yellow and wilt despite moist soil"
        },
        "possible_causes": [
          "root-rot",
          "voles",
          "carrot-fly"
        ],
        "first_checks": {
          "de": [
            "Wurzeln auf Fraßspuren prüfen",
            "Boden auf Gänge untersuchen"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Check roots for feeding marks",
            "Inspect soil for tunnels"
          ]
        }
      }
    ],
    "prevention_strategy": {
      "cultural": {
        "de": [
          "Drei- bis vierjährige Anbaupause",
          "Vermeidung von Staunässe"
        ],
        "en": [
          "Three to four year rotation break",
          "Avoidance of waterlogging"
        ]
      },
      "monitoring": {
        "de": [
          "Wöchentliche Kontrolle auf Blattläuse",
          "Gelbtafeln zur Überwachung der Möhrenfliege"
        ],
        "en": [
          "Weekly check for aphids",
          "Yellow sticky traps to monitor carrot fly"
        ]
      },
      "organic_first_response": {
        "de": [
          "Brennesseljauche bei Stickstoffmangel",
          "Rückschnitt bei starkem Mehltaubefall"
        ],
        "en": [
          "Nettle tea for nitrogen deficiency",
          "Pruning back in case of heavy mildew infestation"
        ]
      },
      "notes": {
        "de": "Petersilie reagiert empfindlich auf Bodenverdichtung.",
        "en": "Parsley reacts sensitively to soil compaction."
      }
    }
  },
  "phenology": {
    "stages": {
      "de": [
        "Keimung",
        "Rosettenbildung",
        "Blattentwicklung",
        "Überwinterung",
        "Schossen",
        "Blüte",
        "Samenreife"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Germination",
        "Rosette formation",
        "Leaf development",
        "Overwintering",
        "Bolting",
        "Flowering",
        "Seed maturation"
      ]
    },
    "notes": {
      "de": "Zweijährige Pflanze; im ersten Jahr erfolgt das vegetative Wachstum (Blätter), im zweiten Jahr die generative Phase (Blüte).",
      "en": "Biennial plant; vegetative growth (leaves) occurs in the first year, while the generative phase (flowering) occurs in the second."
    }
  },
  "flowering_pollination": {
    "flowering_period": {
      "de": "Juni bis Juli (im zweiten Jahr)",
      "en": "June to July (in the second year)"
    },
    "flower_color": {
      "de": "Gelb-grün",
      "en": "Yellow-green"
    },
    "inflorescence_type": {
      "de": "Doppeldolde",
      "en": "Compound umbel"
    }
  },
  "pollination": {
    "summary": {
      "de": "Fremdbestäubung primär durch Insekten wie Fliegen und Wildbienen.",
      "en": "Cross-pollination primarily by insects such as flies and wild bees."
    },
    "pollinator_required": true,
    "self_fertility": "partially_self_fertile",
    "pollinator_notes": {
      "de": "Die Blüten sind protandrisch (vormännlich), was die Selbstbestäubung innerhalb derselben Blüte erschwert.",
      "en": "Flowers are protandrous (pollen shed before stigma is receptive), which hinders self-pollination within the same flower."
    }
  },
  "harvest": {
    "main_harvest_period": {
      "de": "Mai bis November",
      "en": "May to November"
    },
    "harvest_method": {
      "de": "Einzelblatt- oder Büschelschnitt",
      "en": "Individual leaf or bunch cutting"
    }
  },
  "harvest_details": {
    "harvest_frequency": {
      "de": "Regelmäßig möglich, solange das Herzblatt geschont wird.",
      "en": "Regularly possible as long as the heart leaf is preserved."
    },
    "harvest_indicators": {
      "de": [
        "Ausreichende Blattgröße erreicht",
        "Kräftige Grünfärbung",
        "Vor dem Einsetzen der Blüte im zweiten Jahr"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Sufficient leaf size reached",
        "Strong green coloration",
        "Before the onset of flowering in the second year"
      ]
    },
    "post_harvest_handling": {
      "de": "Blätter in ein Glas Wasser stellen oder in ein feuchtes Tuch einschlagen.",
      "en": "Place leaves in a glass of water or wrap in a damp cloth."
    }
  },
  "storage": {
    "short_term": {
      "de": "Kühlschrank (3-5 Tage)",
      "en": "Refrigerator (3-5 days)"
    },
    "long_term": {
      "de": "Einfrieren oder Trocknen",
      "en": "Freezing or drying"
    }
  },
  "storage_details": {
    "general_storage_category": {
      "de": "Frischkräuter / Lagergemüse (Wurzel)",
      "en": "Fresh herbs / Root vegetables (Hamburg parsley)"
    },
    "storage_life": {
      "de": "Frisch: wenige Tage; Gefroren: bis zu 12 Monate.",
      "en": "Fresh: a few days; Frozen: up to 12 months."
    },
    "processing_options": {
      "de": [
        "Einfrieren",
        "Trocknen",
        "In Öl einlegen (Pesto)",
        "Salz-Konservierung"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Freezing",
        "Drying",
        "Preserving in oil (pesto)",
        "Salt preservation"
      ]
    }
  },
  "processing_use": {
    "culinary_value": {
      "de": "Sehr hoch; eines der wichtigsten Küchenkräuter Mitteleuropas.",
      "en": "Very high; one of the most important culinary herbs in Central Europe."
    }
  },
  "kitchen_usage": {
    "primary_uses": {
      "de": [
        "Garnitur",
        "Suppen",
        "Saucen",
        "Salate",
        "Kräuterbutter"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Garnish",
        "Soups",
        "Sauces",
        "Salads",
        "Herb butter"
      ]
    },
    "flavor_profile": {
      "de": "Würzig, frisch, leicht herb (glatte Petersilie intensiver als krause).",
      "en": "Spicy, fresh, slightly bitter (flat-leaf is more intense than curly)."
    }
  },
  "safety_and_edibility": {
    "edible_parts": {
      "de": [
        "Blätter",
        "Stiele",
        "Wurzeln",
        "Samen (in geringen Mengen)"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Leaves",
        "Stems",
        "Roots",
        "Seeds (in small quantities)"
      ]
    },
    "inedible_or_caution_parts": {
      "de": [
        "Pflanzen im Blühstadium (erhöhter Apiol-Gehalt)"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Plants in the flowering stage (increased apiol content)"
      ]
    },
    "toxicity_notes": {
      "de": "Enthält Apiol; im Blühjahr steigt der Gehalt stark an, was giftig wirken kann (besonders für Schwangere zu meiden).",
      "en": "Contains apiol; levels rise significantly during the flowering year, which can be toxic (especially to be avoided by pregnant women)."
    },
    "raw_consumption": {
      "de": "Hervorragend für den Rohverzehr geeignet; hoher Vitamin-C-Gehalt.",
      "en": "Excellent for raw consumption; high vitamin C content."
    }
  },
  "animal_safety": {
    "schema_version": "1.0",
    "last_reviewed": "2026-06-02",
    "summary": {
      "de": "Für einige Tierarten bestehen Hinweise auf relevante Risiken; die artspezifischen Einträge sollten vor Fütterung oder freiem Zugang geprüft werden.",
      "en": "Some animal entries indicate relevant risk; check the species-specific profiles before feeding or allowing access."
    },
    "overall": {
      "max_risk_level": 4,
      "highest_status": "toxic",
      "emergency_level": "contact_vet_if_ingested",
      "has_part_specific_risk": true,
      "has_unknowns": false,
      "human_review_recommended": true,
      "safe_animals": [
        "rabbit",
        "guinea_pig",
        "hamster",
        "chicken",
        "duck",
        "goose",
        "sheep",
        "goat",
        "cattle",
        "pig"
      ],
      "unsafe_animals": [
        "dog",
        "cat",
        "budgie",
        "horse"
      ]
    },
    "animals": [
      {
        "key": "dog",
        "label": {
          "de": "Hund",
          "en": "Dog"
        },
        "status": "toxic",
        "risk_level": 4,
        "risk_certainty": "high",
        "access_recommendation": "avoid",
        "feed_suitability": "unsafe",
        "emergency_level": "contact_vet_if_ingested",
        "toxic_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Pflanze als Ganzes (besonders während der Blütezeit)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Plant as a whole (especially during flowering stage)"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Furanocumarine",
            "Apiol"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Furanocoumarins",
            "Apiol"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Photosensibilisierung (Sonnenbrand, Dermatitis)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Photosensitization (sunburn, dermatitis)"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Verzehr großer Mengen",
            "Pflanze in der Blütezeit"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Consumption of large quantities",
            "Plant during flowering stage"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Große Mengen sind erforderlich, um diese Wirkung zu erzielen. Der Apiol-Gehalt steigt während der Blütezeit an.",
          "en": "Large quantities are needed to cause this effect. Apiol content increases during the flowering stage."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "high",
          "source_basis": "species_specific",
          "species_specific": true,
          "direct_veterinary_source": true,
          "source_count": 1
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "cat",
        "label": {
          "de": "Katze",
          "en": "Cat"
        },
        "status": "toxic",
        "risk_level": 4,
        "risk_certainty": "high",
        "access_recommendation": "avoid",
        "feed_suitability": "unsafe",
        "emergency_level": "contact_vet_if_symptoms",
        "toxic_parts": {
          "de": [
            "ganze Pflanze (insbesondere während der Blütezeit)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "entire plant (especially during flowering)"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Furanocumarine",
            "Apiol"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Furanocoumarins",
            "Apiol"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Photosensibilisierung (Sonnenbrand, Dermatitis)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Photosensitization (sunburn, dermatitis)"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Verzehr großer Mengen",
            "Pflanze in der Blütezeit"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Consumption of large quantities",
            "Plant during flowering stage"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Petersilie ist für Katzen giftig, insbesondere während der Blütezeit, wenn der Apiol-Gehalt am höchsten ist. Große Mengen können Photosensibilisierung verursachen.",
          "en": "Parsley is toxic to cats, especially during the flowering stage when apiol content is highest. Large quantities can cause photosensitization."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "high",
          "source_basis": "species_specific",
          "species_specific": true,
          "direct_veterinary_source": true,
          "source_count": 1
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "rabbit",
        "label": {
          "de": "Kaninchen",
          "en": "Rabbit"
        },
        "status": "safe_in_moderation",
        "risk_level": 2,
        "risk_certainty": "low",
        "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts",
        "feed_suitability": "only_specific_parts",
        "emergency_level": "observe",
        "safe_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Blätter",
            "Stiele"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Leaves",
            "Stems"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Pflanzen im Blühstadium (erhöhter Apiol-Gehalt)",
            "Samen (hoher Furanocumarin-Gehalt)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Plants in the flowering stage (increased apiol content)",
            "Seeds (high furanocoumarin content)"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Apiol",
            "Furanocumarine"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Apiol",
            "Furanocoumarins"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Photosensibilisierung (Sonnenbrand, Dermatitis) bei Aufnahme großer Mengen"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Photosensitization (sunburn, dermatitis) with ingestion of large amounts"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Aufnahme großer Mengen",
            "Aufnahme von Pflanzen im Blühstadium"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Ingestion of large quantities",
            "Ingestion of plants in the flowering stage"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Petersilie ist für Kaninchen in Maßen sicher, insbesondere die Blätter und Stiele. Große Mengen oder Pflanzen im Blühstadium, die höhere Apiol- und Furanocumarin-Werte aufweisen, können zu Photosensibilisierung führen. Die Aufnahme sollte auf kleine Mengen als Leckerli beschränkt werden.",
          "en": "Parsley is safe for rabbits in moderation, particularly the leaves and stems. Large quantities or plants in the flowering stage, which have higher apiol and furanocoumarin levels, can cause photosensitization. Consumption should be limited to small amounts as a treat."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "low",
          "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": true,
          "source_count": 1
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "guinea_pig",
        "label": {
          "de": "Meerschweinchen",
          "en": "Guinea pig"
        },
        "status": "safe_in_moderation",
        "risk_level": 2,
        "risk_certainty": "low",
        "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts",
        "feed_suitability": "only_specific_parts",
        "emergency_level": "observe",
        "safe_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Blätter",
            "Stiele"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Leaves",
            "Stems"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Pflanzen im Blühstadium (erhöhter Apiol-Gehalt)",
            "Samen (hoher Furanocumarin-Gehalt)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Plants in the flowering stage (increased apiol content)",
            "Seeds (high furanocoumarin content)"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Apiol",
            "Furanocumarine"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Apiol",
            "Furanocoumarins"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Photosensibilisierung (Sonnbrand, Dermatitis) bei Aufnahme großer Mengen"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Photosensitization (sunburn, dermatitis) with ingestion of large amounts"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Aufnahme großer Mengen",
            "Aufnahme von Pflanzen im Blühstadium"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Ingestion of large quantities",
            "Ingestion of plants in the flowering stage"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Petersilie ist für Meerschweinchen in Maßen sicher, insbesondere die Blätter und Stiele. Große Mengen oder Pflanzen im Blühstadium sollten vermieden werden, da sie Apiol und Furanocumarine enthalten, die bei empfindlichen Tieren oder bei übermäßigem Verzehr zu Photosensibilisierung führen können. Der Vitamin-C-Gehalt ist vorteilhaft.",
          "en": "Parsley is safe in moderation for guinea pigs, particularly the leaves and stems. Large quantities or plants in the flowering stage should be avoided due to apiol and furanocoumarins, which can cause photosensitization in sensitive animals or with excessive consumption. Vitamin C content is beneficial."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "low",
          "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": true,
          "source_count": 1
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "hamster",
        "label": {
          "de": "Hamster",
          "en": "Hamster"
        },
        "status": "safe_in_moderation",
        "risk_level": 2,
        "risk_certainty": "low",
        "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts",
        "feed_suitability": "only_specific_parts",
        "emergency_level": "observe",
        "safe_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Blätter",
            "Stiele"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Leaves",
            "Stems"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Pflanzen im Blühstadium (erhöhter Apiol-Gehalt)",
            "Samen (hoher Furanocumarin-Gehalt)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Plants in the flowering stage (increased apiol content)",
            "Seeds (high furanocoumarin content)"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Apiol",
            "Furanocumarine"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Apiol",
            "Furanocoumarins"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Photosensibilisierung (Sonnenbrand, Dermatitis) bei Aufnahme großer Mengen"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Photosensitization (sunburn, dermatitis) with ingestion of large amounts"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Aufnahme großer Mengen",
            "Aufnahme von Pflanzen im Blühstadium"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Ingestion of large quantities",
            "Ingestion of plants in the flowering stage"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Keine direkte artspezifische Quelle fuer Hamster gefunden. Diese Einstufung ist eine vorsichtige Ableitung aus dem Profil fuer Kaninchen und den bekannten pflanzenteilbezogenen Risiken.",
          "en": "No direct species-specific source was found for hamsters. This is a cautious inference from the rabbits profile and the known plant-part risks."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "low",
          "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": true,
          "source_count": 1
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "budgie",
        "label": {
          "de": "Wellensittich",
          "en": "Budgie"
        },
        "status": "not_recommended",
        "risk_level": 3,
        "risk_certainty": "low",
        "access_recommendation": "not_recommended",
        "feed_suitability": "not_suitable",
        "emergency_level": "contact_vet_if_symptoms",
        "toxic_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Pflanzen im Blühstadium (erhöhter Apiol-Gehalt)",
            "Samen (hoher Furanocumarin-Gehalt)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Plants in the flowering stage (increased apiol content)",
            "Seeds (high furanocoumarin content)"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Furanocumarine",
            "Apiol"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Furanocoumarins",
            "Apiol"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Photosensibilisierung (Sonnenbrand, Dermatitis)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Photosensitization (sunburn, dermatitis)"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Große Mengen erforderlich für toxische Effekte",
            "Erhöhter Apiol-Gehalt in Pflanzen im Blühstadium"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Large amounts needed for toxic effects",
            "Increased apiol content in plants in the flowering stage"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Es sind große Mengen erforderlich. Es gibt keine spezifischen Daten für Sittiche, aber aufgrund der bekannten Toxizität für Säugetiere und des Vorhandenseins von Apiol, insbesondere in blühenden Pflanzen, ist Vorsicht geboten. Die Sicherheit von kleinen Mengen als gelegentlicher Leckerbissen ist unklar.",
          "en": "Large amounts are needed. There is no specific data for budgies, but due to known mammalian toxicity and the presence of apiol, especially in flowering plants, caution is advised. Safety of small amounts as an occasional treat is unclear."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "low",
          "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": true,
          "source_count": 1
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "horse",
        "label": {
          "de": "Pferd",
          "en": "Horse"
        },
        "status": "toxic",
        "risk_level": 4,
        "risk_certainty": "high",
        "access_recommendation": "avoid",
        "feed_suitability": "unsafe",
        "emergency_level": "contact_vet_if_symptoms",
        "toxic_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Pflanze (insbesondere während der Blütezeit)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Plant (especially during flowering)"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Furanocumarine",
            "Apiol"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Furanocoumarins",
            "Apiol"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Photosensibilisierung (Sonnenbrand, Dermatitis)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Photosensitization (sunburn, dermatitis)"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Verzehr großer Mengen",
            "Pflanze in der Blütezeit"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Consumption of large quantities",
            "Plant during flowering stage"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Furanocumarine können Photosensibilisierung verursachen, insbesondere wenn große Mengen verzehrt werden oder die Pflanze in der Blütezeit ist.",
          "en": "Furanocoumarins can cause photosensitization, especially if large quantities are consumed or the plant is in its flowering stage."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "high",
          "source_basis": "species_specific",
          "species_specific": true,
          "direct_veterinary_source": true,
          "source_count": 1
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "chicken",
        "label": {
          "de": "Huhn",
          "en": "Chicken"
        },
        "status": "safe_in_moderation",
        "risk_level": 2,
        "risk_certainty": "low",
        "access_recommendation": "safe_in_moderation",
        "feed_suitability": "suitable_in_moderation",
        "emergency_level": "observe",
        "safe_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Blätter",
            "Stiele"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Leaves",
            "Stems"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Pflanzen im Blühstadium (erhöhter Apiol-Gehalt)",
            "Samen (hoher Furanocumarin-Gehalt)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Plants in the flowering stage (increased apiol content)",
            "Seeds (high furanocoumarin content)"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Apiol (in großen Mengen oder während der Blüte)",
            "Furanocumarine"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Apiol (in large quantities or during flowering)",
            "Furanocoumarins"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Bei übermäßigem Verzehr oder Verzehr von blühenden Pflanzen: Magen-Darm-Beschwerden",
            "Photosensibilisierung (selten bei Geflügel)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "With excessive consumption or consumption of flowering plants: gastrointestinal upset",
            "Photosensitization (rare in poultry)"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Übermäßiger Verzehr",
            "Verzehr von blühenden Pflanzen",
            "Verzehr großer Mengen"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Excessive consumption",
            "Consumption of flowering plants",
            "Ingestion of large quantities"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Petersilie ist für Hühner im Allgemeinen sicher, wenn sie in Maßen gefüttert wird. Große Mengen oder blühende Pflanzen können Apiol enthalten, das in sehr hohen Dosen schädlich sein kann. Die Blätter und Stiele sind die sichersten Teile. Die Samen sollten vermieden werden.",
          "en": "Parsley is generally safe for chickens when fed in moderation. Large quantities or flowering plants may contain apiol, which can be harmful in very high doses. Leaves and stems are the safest parts. Seeds should be avoided."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "low",
          "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": true,
          "source_count": 1
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "duck",
        "label": {
          "de": "Ente",
          "en": "Duck"
        },
        "status": "safe_in_moderation",
        "risk_level": 2,
        "risk_certainty": "low",
        "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts",
        "feed_suitability": "suitable_in_moderation",
        "emergency_level": "observe",
        "safe_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Blätter",
            "Stiele",
            "Wurzeln"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Leaves",
            "Stems",
            "Roots"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Samen (in großen Mengen)",
            "Pflanzen im Blühstadium"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Seeds (in large quantities)",
            "Plants in the flowering stage"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Apiol",
            "Furanocumarine"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Apiol",
            "Furanocoumarins"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Photosensibilisierung (Sonnenbrand, Dermatitis) bei sehr großen Mengen"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Photosensitization (sunburn, dermatitis) with very large quantities"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Verzehr großer Mengen",
            "Verzehr von Pflanzen im Blühstadium",
            "Verzehr von Samen in großen Mengen"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Consumption of large quantities",
            "Consumption of plants in the flowering stage",
            "Consumption of seeds in large quantities"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Petersilie ist für Enten im Allgemeinen sicher, wenn sie in Maßen gefüttert wird. Große Mengen, insbesondere von blühenden Pflanzen oder Samen, können aufgrund des Apiol- und Furanocumarin-Gehalts zu Photosensibilisierung führen. Die Blätter und Stiele sind die sichersten Teile.",
          "en": "Parsley is generally safe for ducks when fed in moderation. Large quantities, especially of flowering plants or seeds, can lead to photosensitization due to apiol and furanocoumarin content. Leaves and stems are the safest parts."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "low",
          "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": true,
          "source_count": 1
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "goose",
        "label": {
          "de": "Gans",
          "en": "Goose"
        },
        "status": "safe_in_moderation",
        "risk_level": 2,
        "risk_certainty": "low",
        "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts",
        "feed_suitability": "suitable_in_moderation",
        "emergency_level": "observe",
        "safe_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Blätter",
            "Stiele",
            "Wurzeln"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Leaves",
            "Stems",
            "Roots"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Samen (in großen Mengen)",
            "Pflanzen im Blühstadium"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Seeds (in large quantities)",
            "Plants in the flowering stage"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Apiol",
            "Furanocumarine"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Apiol",
            "Furanocoumarins"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Photosensibilisierung (Sonnenbrand, Dermatitis) bei sehr großen Mengen"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Photosensitization (sunburn, dermatitis) with very large quantities"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Verzehr großer Mengen",
            "Verzehr von Pflanzen im Blühstadium",
            "Verzehr von Samen in großen Mengen"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Consumption of large quantities",
            "Consumption of plants in the flowering stage",
            "Consumption of seeds in large quantities"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Keine direkte artspezifische Quelle fuer Gaense gefunden. Diese Einstufung ist eine vorsichtige Ableitung aus dem Profil fuer Enten und den bekannten pflanzenteilbezogenen Risiken.",
          "en": "No direct species-specific source was found for geese. This is a cautious inference from the ducks profile and the known plant-part risks."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "low",
          "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": true,
          "source_count": 1
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "sheep",
        "label": {
          "de": "Schaf",
          "en": "Sheep"
        },
        "status": "safe_in_moderation",
        "risk_level": 2,
        "risk_certainty": "low",
        "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts",
        "feed_suitability": "suitable_in_moderation",
        "emergency_level": "observe",
        "safe_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Blätter",
            "Stiele",
            "Wurzeln"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Leaves",
            "Stems",
            "Roots"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Pflanzen im Blühstadium (erhöhter Apiol-Gehalt)",
            "Samen (hoher Furanocumarin-Gehalt)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Plants in the flowering stage (increased apiol content)",
            "Seeds (high furanocoumarin content)"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Apiol",
            "Furanocumarine"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Apiol",
            "Furanocoumarins"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Photosensibilisierung (Sonnenbrand, Dermatitis) bei Aufnahme großer Mengen"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Photosensitization (sunburn, dermatitis) with ingestion of large amounts"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Aufnahme großer Mengen",
            "Pflanzen im Blühstadium"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Ingestion of large quantities",
            "Plants in the flowering stage"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Petersilie ist für Schafe im Allgemeinen sicher, wenn sie in Maßen gefüttert wird. Große Mengen, insbesondere von blühenden Pflanzen, können aufgrund des Apiol- und Furanocumarin-Gehalts zu Photosensibilisierung führen. Die Blätter, Stiele und Wurzeln sind die üblicherweise gefressenen Teile und gelten als sicher. Die Fütterung sollte auf die nicht blühenden Teile beschränkt werden.",
          "en": "Parsley is generally safe for sheep when fed in moderation. Large quantities, especially from flowering plants, can lead to photosensitization due to apiol and furanocoumarin content. Leaves, stems, and roots are the commonly consumed parts and are considered safe. Feeding should be limited to non-flowering parts."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "low",
          "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": true,
          "source_count": 1
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "goat",
        "label": {
          "de": "Ziege",
          "en": "Goat"
        },
        "status": "safe_in_moderation",
        "risk_level": 2,
        "risk_certainty": "low",
        "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts",
        "feed_suitability": "suitable_in_moderation",
        "emergency_level": "observe",
        "safe_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Blätter",
            "Stiele",
            "Wurzeln"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Leaves",
            "Stems",
            "Roots"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Pflanzen im Blühstadium (erhöhter Apiol-Gehalt)",
            "Samen (hoher Furanocumarin-Gehalt)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Plants in the flowering stage (increased apiol content)",
            "Seeds (high furanocoumarin content)"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Apiol",
            "Furanocumarine"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Apiol",
            "Furanocoumarins"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Photosensibilisierung (Sonnenbrand, Dermatitis) bei Aufnahme großer Mengen"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Photosensitization (sunburn, dermatitis) with ingestion of large amounts"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Aufnahme großer Mengen",
            "Aufnahme von Pflanzen im Blühstadium"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Ingestion of large quantities",
            "Ingestion of plants in the flowering stage"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Petersilie ist für Ziegen im Allgemeinen sicher, aber die Aufnahme großer Mengen, insbesondere von blühenden Pflanzen, kann aufgrund des Apiol- und Furanocumarin-Gehalts zu Photosensibilisierung führen. Die Aufnahme sollte auf Blätter, Stiele und Wurzeln beschränkt und die Menge moderat gehalten werden.",
          "en": "Parsley is generally safe for goats, but ingestion of large quantities, especially of flowering plants, can lead to photosensitization due to apiol and furanocoumarin content. Consumption should be limited to leaves, stems, and roots, and amounts kept moderate."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "low",
          "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": true,
          "source_count": 1
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "cattle",
        "label": {
          "de": "Rind",
          "en": "Cattle"
        },
        "status": "safe_in_moderation",
        "risk_level": 2,
        "risk_certainty": "low",
        "access_recommendation": "safe_in_moderation",
        "feed_suitability": "suitable_in_moderation",
        "emergency_level": "observe",
        "safe_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Blätter",
            "Stiele",
            "Wurzeln"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Leaves",
            "Stems",
            "Roots"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Pflanzen im Blühstadium (erhöhter Apiol-Gehalt)",
            "Samen (hoher Furanocumarin-Gehalt)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Plants in the flowering stage (increased apiol content)",
            "Seeds (high furanocoumarin content)"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Apiol (in großen Mengen oder in blühenden Pflanzen)",
            "Furanocumarine"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Apiol (in large quantities or in flowering plants)",
            "Furanocoumarins"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Photosensibilisierung (Sonnenbrand, Dermatitis) bei sehr großen Mengen"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Photosensitization (sunburn, dermatitis) with very large quantities"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Verzehr großer Mengen",
            "Verzehr von blühenden Pflanzen"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Consumption of large quantities",
            "Consumption of flowering plants"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Petersilie ist für Rinder im Allgemeinen sicher und wird als Futtermittel geschätzt. Große Mengen oder der Verzehr von blühenden Pflanzen können jedoch aufgrund des Apiol-Gehalts zu Photosensibilisierung führen. Die Menge sollte moderat gehalten werden.",
          "en": "Parsley is generally safe for cattle and is appreciated as feed. However, large quantities or consumption of flowering plants can lead to photosensitization due to apiol content. Quantity should be kept moderate."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "low",
          "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": true,
          "source_count": 1
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "pig",
        "label": {
          "de": "Schwein",
          "en": "Pig"
        },
        "status": "safe_in_moderation",
        "risk_level": 2,
        "risk_certainty": "low",
        "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts",
        "feed_suitability": "only_specific_parts",
        "emergency_level": "observe",
        "safe_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Blätter",
            "Stiele",
            "Wurzeln"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Leaves",
            "Stems",
            "Roots"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Pflanzen im Blühstadium (erhöhter Apiol-Gehalt)",
            "Samen (hoher Furanocumarin-Gehalt)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Plants in the flowering stage (increased apiol content)",
            "Seeds (high furanocoumarin content)"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Apiol",
            "Furanocumarine"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Apiol",
            "Furanocoumarins"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Photosensibilisierung (Sonnenbrand, Dermatitis) bei Verzehr großer Mengen von Pflanzen im Blühstadium"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Photosensitization (sunburn, dermatitis) if large amounts of plants in the flowering stage are consumed"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Verzehr von Pflanzen im Blühstadium",
            "Verzehr großer Mengen"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Consumption of plants in the flowering stage",
            "Consumption of large quantities"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Petersilie ist für Schweine im Allgemeinen sicher, insbesondere die Blätter, Stiele und Wurzeln. Der Verzehr großer Mengen, insbesondere von Pflanzen im Blühstadium, kann aufgrund des Apiol-Gehalts zu Photosensibilisierung führen. Die Fütterung sollte daher in Maßen erfolgen und Pflanzen im Blühstadium sollten vermieden werden.",
          "en": "Parsley is generally safe for pigs, especially the leaves, stems, and roots. Consumption of large quantities, particularly of plants in the flowering stage, can lead to photosensitization due to apiol content. Feeding should therefore be moderate, and plants in the flowering stage should be avoided."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "low",
          "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": true,
          "source_count": 1
        }
      }
    ]
  },
  "seed_saving": {
    "difficulty": {
      "de": "Mittel (wegen Zweijährigkeit)",
      "en": "Medium (due to biennial nature)"
    },
    "isolation_distance_m": 500,
    "seed_collection": {
      "de": "Dolden im Spätsommer des zweiten Jahres ernten, wenn die Samen braun werden.",
      "en": "Harvest umbels in late summer of the second year when seeds turn brown."
    }
  },
  "seed_saving_advanced": {
    "vernalization_required": true,
    "crossing_risk": {
      "de": "Verkreuzung mit Wildpetersilie oder anderen Sorten der gleichen Art möglich.",
      "en": "Cross-pollination with wild parsley or other varieties of the same species is possible."
    },
    "seed_cleaning": {
      "de": "Dolden ausschütteln, Sieben und von Spreu trennen.",
      "en": "Shake out umbels, sieve and separate from chaff."
    }
  },
  "varieties": [
    {
      "slug": "mooskrause-2",
      "name": {
        "de": "Mooskrause 2",
        "en": "Moss Curled 2"
      },
      "type": "curly-leaf",
      "description": {
        "de": "Klassische, stark gekrauste Sorte mit dichtem Wuchs und dunklem Grün.",
        "en": "Classic, heavily curled variety with dense growth and dark green leaves."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "gigante-di-napoli",
      "name": {
        "de": "Gigante di Napoli",
        "en": "Giant of Naples"
      },
      "type": "flat-leaf",
      "description": {
        "de": "Wüchsige, glattblättrige Sorte mit besonders intensivem Aroma.",
        "en": "Vigorous, flat-leaf variety with particularly intense aroma."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "halblange",
      "name": {
        "de": "Halblange",
        "en": "Eagle"
      },
      "type": "root-parsley",
      "description": {
        "de": "Ertragreiche Wurzelpetersilie mit glatten, weißen Wurzeln.",
        "en": "High-yielding root parsley with smooth, white roots."
      }
    }
  ],
  "woody_crop_details": {
    "notes": {
      "de": "Nicht zutreffend, da Petersilie eine krautige, zweijährige Pflanze ist.",
      "en": "Not applicable, as parsley is an herbaceous, biennial plant."
    }
  },
  "pruning_logic": {
    "scope": "herbaceous-maintenance",
    "system": "selective-harvest",
    "remove": {
      "de": [
        "Gelbe oder vertrocknete Außenblätter",
        "Blütenstiele im zweiten Jahr (um Blattaroma kurzzeitig zu erhalten)",
        "Befallene Blätter bei Septoria-Pilz"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Yellow or dried outer leaves",
        "Flower stalks in the second year (to briefly preserve leaf aroma)",
        "Infected leaves in case of Septoria fungus"
      ]
    },
    "preserve": {
      "de": [
        "Herzblatt (Vegetationspunkt in der Mitte)",
        "Junge, gesunde Triebe für die Photosynthese"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Heart leaf (central growing point)",
        "Young, healthy shoots for photosynthesis"
      ]
    },
    "avoid": {
      "de": [
        "Kahlschlag der gesamten Pflanze",
        "Beschädigung des Herzens beim Schneiden"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Clearing the entire plant at once",
        "Damaging the heart while cutting"
      ]
    },
    "timing_rules": [
      {
        "season": "growing-season",
        "months": [
          5,
          6,
          7,
          8,
          9,
          10
        ],
        "purpose": {
          "de": "Laufende Ernte und Vitalität",
          "en": "Continuous harvest and vitality"
        },
        "notes": {
          "de": "Regelmäßiger Schnitt fördert den Neuaustrieb.",
          "en": "Regular cutting encourages new growth."
        }
      }
    ],
    "cut_location_rules": {
      "de": [
        "Blattstiele ca. 2-3 cm über dem Boden abschneiden",
        "Immer von außen nach innen ernten"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Cut leaf stalks approx. 2-3 cm above ground level",
        "Always harvest from the outside in"
      ]
    },
    "intensity_rules": {
      "max_removal_percentage": 50,
      "notes": {
        "de": "Nie mehr als die Hälfte der Blattmasse auf einmal entfernen.",
        "en": "Never remove more than half of the leaf mass at once."
      }
    },
    "tool_hygiene": {
      "de": "Saubere Scheren verwenden, um die Übertragung von Blattfleckenkrankheiten zu vermeiden.",
      "en": "Use clean scissors to prevent the transmission of leaf spot diseases."
    },
    "diagram_requirements": {
      "de": [
        "Darstellung des Herzblatts",
        "Markierung der äußeren Schnittzone"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Illustration of the heart leaf",
        "Marking of the outer cutting zone"
      ]
    },
    "notes": {
      "de": "Im zweiten Jahr schosst die Pflanze; nach der Blüte verliert das Laub an Aroma und der Apiol-Gehalt steigt.",
      "en": "In the second year, the plant bolts; after flowering, the foliage loses aroma and apiol content increases."
    }
  },
  "ecology": {
    "pollinator_value": "high",
    "wildlife_value": "medium",
    "biodiversity_notes": {
      "de": "Im zweiten Jahr bieten die Doldenblüten wertvolle Nahrung für Schwebfliegen und Wildbienen.",
      "en": "In the second year, the umbel flowers provide valuable food for hoverflies and wild bees."
    }
  },
  "practical_notes": {
    "germination_hack": {
      "de": "Samen vor der Aussaat über Nacht in lauwarmem Wasser einweichen, um die Keimdauer zu verkürzen.",
      "en": "Soak seeds in lukewarm water overnight before sowing to shorten germination time."
    }
  },
  "seasonal_content": {
    "spring": {
      "de": "Hauptzeit für die Aussaat im Freiland ab März.",
      "en": "Main time for outdoor sowing from March."
    },
    "summer": {
      "de": "Regelmäßig gießen und auf Blattläuse kontrollieren.",
      "en": "Water regularly and check for aphids."
    },
    "autumn": {
      "de": "Letzte Aussaat im August für die Überwinterung.",
      "en": "Last sowing in August for overwintering."
    },
    "winter": {
      "de": "Bei offenem Wetter ist die Ernte im Freiland weiterhin möglich.",
      "en": "Harvesting outdoors is still possible during mild weather."
    }
  },
  "slug": "petersilie",
  "sources": [
    {
      "title": "Wikidata entity",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25284",
      "publisher": "Wikidata",
      "date_accessed": "2026-05-14"
    },
    {
      "title": "GBIF species match",
      "url": "https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/match?name=Petroselinum%20crispum&kingdom=Plantae",
      "publisher": "GBIF",
      "date_accessed": "2026-05-14"
    },
    {
      "title": "Deutschsprachige Wikipedia: Petersilie",
      "url": "https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersilie",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "date_accessed": "2026-05-14"
    },
    {
      "title": "English Wikipedia: Parsley",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsley",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "date_accessed": "2026-05-14"
    }
  ]
}