{ "names": { "common": { "de": "Palmkohl", "en": "Lacinato kale" }, "plural": { "de": "Palmkohle", "en": "Lacinato kales" }, "botanical": "Brassica oleracea var. palmifolia", "botanical_author": "DC.", "scientific_synonyms": [ "Brassica oleracea L. var. palmifolia DC.", "Brassica oleracea Acephala Group" ], "synonyms": { "de": [ "Schwarzkohl", "Italienischer Kohl", "Toskanischer Kohl" ], "en": [ "Tuscan kale", "Italian kale", "Dinosaur kale", "Cavolo nero", "Black kale", "Tuscan cabbage" ] }, "common_synonyms": { "de": [ "Schwarzkohl", "Toskanischer Palmkohl" ], "en": [ "Lacinato", "Black Tuscan kale" ] }, "regional_names": { "en": [ "Jersey kale" ] }, "market_names": { "de": [ "Schwarzkohl" ], "en": [ "Cavolo Nero" ] }, "misspellings": { "de": [ "Palm kohl" ], "en": [ "Lacinato kail" ] }, "international_names": { "it": [ "Cavolo nero di Toscana" ], "fr": [ "Chou palmier" ], "es": [ "Col negra", "Col de Toscana" ] }, "search_terms": { "de": [ "Palmkohl", "Schwarzkohl", "Gemüsekohl" ], "en": [ "Lacinato kale", "Tuscan kale", "Cavolo nero", "Dinosaur kale" ] } }, "taxonomy": { "kingdom": "Plantae", "clades": [ "Tracheophyta", "Angiospermae", "Eudicotyledoneae", "Rosidae" ], "order": "Brassicales", "family_botanical": "Brassicaceae", "family": { "de": "Kreuzblütengewächse", "en": "Mustard family" }, "family_id": "brassicaceae", "tribe": "Brassiceae", "genus": "Brassica", "species": "Brassica oleracea", "botanical_variety": "palmifolia", "cultivar_group": "Acephala Group", "hybrid_status": "not_hybrid", "related_crops": [ "Brassica oleracea var. sabellica", "Brassica oleracea var. italica", "Brassica oleracea var. capitata" ] }, "classification": { "main_group": "Vegetables", "sub_group": "Brassicas", "crop_group": "Leafy Greens", "life_cycle": "biennial", "perennial": false, "woody": false, "tree": false, "shrub": false, "edible_parts": { "de": [ "Blätter" ], "en": [ "Leaves" ] }, "nutrient_group": "Heavy feeders" }, "calendar": { "sowing_indoor": { "months": [ 2, 3, 4, 5 ], "earliest_month": 2, "latest_month": 5, "notes": { "de": "Vorkultur ab Februar für frühe Ernten möglich.", "en": "Indoor pre-culture possible from February for early harvests." } }, "sowing_outdoor": { "months": [ 4, 5, 6, 7 ], "earliest_month": 4, "latest_month": 7, "notes": { "de": "Direktsaat ab Ende April, wenn der Boden ausreichend erwärmt ist.", "en": "Direct sowing from late April once the soil has warmed sufficiently." } }, "planting_out": { "months": [ 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ], "earliest_month": 4, "latest_month": 8, "notes": { "de": "Auspflanzen ca. 4–6 Wochen nach der Aussaat.", "en": "Transplant approximately 4–6 weeks after sowing." } }, "harvest": { "months": [ 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 ], "earliest_month": 8, "latest_month": 2, "notes": { "de": "Ernte der äußeren Blätter von unten nach oben; Frost verbessert das Aroma.", "en": "Harvest outer leaves from the bottom up; frost improves the flavor." } }, "month_tasks": { "1": [ { "de": "Winterernte fortsetzen.", "en": "Continue winter harvest." } ], "2": [ { "de": "Frühzeitige Aussaat unter Glas beginnen.", "en": "Start early sowing under glass." } ], "3": [ { "de": "Jungpflanzen abhärten.", "en": "Harden off young seedlings." } ], "4": [ { "de": "Erste Auspflanzung ins Freiland.", "en": "First transplanting into the open field." } ], "5": [ { "de": "Regelmäßig auf Schädlinge wie Kohlweißling prüfen.", "en": "Check regularly for pests like cabbage white butterflies." } ], "6": [ { "de": "Boden hacken und bei Trockenheit wässern.", "en": "Hoe the soil and water during dry spells." } ], "7": [ { "de": "Nachdüngung bei Bedarf durchführen.", "en": "Apply additional fertilizer if necessary." } ], "8": [ { "de": "Beginn der Haupternte.", "en": "Start of the main harvest." } ], "9": [ { "de": "Weiterhin regelmäßig ernten.", "en": "Continue to harvest regularly." } ], "10": [ { "de": "Pflanzen für die Überwinterung stehen lassen.", "en": "Leave plants in place for overwintering." } ], "11": [ { "de": "Frostschutz bei extremen Kahlfrösten vorbereiten.", "en": "Prepare frost protection for extreme black frosts." } ], "12": [ { "de": "Ernte nach den ersten Frösten genießen.", "en": "Enjoy the harvest after the first frosts." } ] }, "month_tasks_structured": { "2": [ { "task": "sowing", "label": { "de": "Aussaat im Haus", "en": "Indoor sowing" }, "priority": "medium", "months": [ 2, 3 ], "notes": { "de": "Samen ca. 1 cm tief säen.", "en": "Sow seeds approx. 1 cm deep." } } ], "5": [ { "task": "protection", "label": { "de": "Kulturschutznetz anbringen", "en": "Apply crop protection netting" }, "priority": "high", "months": [ 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ], "notes": { "de": "Schutz gegen Kohlfliege und Kohlweißling.", "en": "Protection against cabbage fly and cabbage white butterfly." } } ] } }, "book_content": { "overview": { "de": "Der Palmkohl, auch Schwarzkohl genannt, ist ein archaisch anmutendes Blattgemüse aus der Toskana. Mit seinen fast schwarzen, blasigen Blättern, die an einer palmenartigen Rosette wachsen, ist er nicht nur eine Delikatesse in der Küche (Stichwort: Ribollita), sondern auch eine optische Bereicherung für jedes Staudenbeet. Im Gegensatz zu Grünkohl ist er milder im Geschmack und behält auch nach dem Kochen eine angenehme Textur.", "en": "Lacinato kale, often called 'Cavolo Nero', is an ancient leafy green from Tuscany. With its nearly black, puckered leaves growing in a palm-like rosette, it serves as both a culinary delicacy (essential for Ribollita) and a striking ornamental for the garden. Unlike curly kale, it offers a milder flavor and maintains an excellent texture even after vigorous cooking." } }, "structured_month_tasks": { "3": [ { "task": "soil_prep", "label": { "de": "Beetvorbereitung", "en": "Bed preparation" }, "priority": "high", "months": [ 3, 4 ], "notes": { "de": "Kompost und organischen Langzeitdünger einarbeiten.", "en": "Incorporate compost and organic slow-release fertilizer." } } ], "11": [ { "task": "harvest", "label": { "de": "Winterernte", "en": "Winter harvest" }, "priority": "medium", "months": [ 11, 12, 1, 2 ], "notes": { "de": "Nur so viel ernten, wie aktuell verbraucht wird.", "en": "Only harvest as much as is currently needed." } } ] }, "cultivation_specs": { "seed": { "seed_depth_cm_min": 1.0, "seed_depth_cm_max": 2.0, "light_germinator": false, "dark_germinator": true, "cold_germinator": false, "stratification_needed": false, "pre_soaking_recommended": false, "germination_temp_c_min": 15.0, "germination_temp_c_max": 20.0, "germination_days_min": 7, "germination_days_max": 14, "seed_lifespan_years_min": 3, "seed_lifespan_years_max": 5, "direct_sowing_possible": true, "pre_culture_recommended": true }, "spacing": { "plant_spacing_cm_min": 40.0, "plant_spacing_cm_max": 50.0, "row_spacing_cm_min": 50.0, "row_spacing_cm_max": 60.0, "recommended_density_per_sqm_min": 4.0, "recommended_density_per_sqm_max": 6.0, "min_bed_width_cm": 80.0, "square_foot_gardening_spacing": "1 per square", "spacing_notes": { "de": "Gute Luftzirkulation beugt Pilzkrankheiten vor.", "en": "Good air circulation prevents fungal diseases." } }, "growth_dimensions": { "height_cm_min": 60.0, "height_cm_max": 100.0, "width_cm_min": 40.0, "width_cm_max": 60.0, "root_depth_cm_min": 30.0, "root_depth_cm_max": 50.0, "root_spread_cm_min": 20.0, "root_spread_cm_max": 40.0, "growth_speed": "medium", "final_size_notes": { "de": "Die palmähnliche Wuchsform entwickelt sich im Laufe des Sommers.", "en": "The palm-like growth habit develops during the course of the summer." } }, "temperature": { "min_growing_temp_c": 5.0, "optimal_temp_c_min": 15.0, "optimal_temp_c_max": 22.0, "max_heat_tolerance_c": 30.0, "soil_temp_for_sowing_c_min": 10.0, "soil_temp_for_sowing_c_optimal": 18.0, "frost_sensitive": false, "late_frost_sensitive": false, "heat_tolerance": "medium", "cold_tolerance": "high", "temperature_notes": { "de": "Verträgt Fröste bis ca. -10°C bis -15°C.", "en": "Tolerates frosts down to approx. -10°C to -15°C." } }, "water": { "water_need": "medium", "critical_water_phases": { "de": [ "Anwachsphase nach dem Pflanzen", "Hauptwachstumsphase im Hochsommer" ], "en": [ "Establishment phase after planting", "Main growth phase in midsummer" ] }, "drought_tolerant": false, "drought_sensitivity": "medium", "waterlogging_sensitive": true, "mulching_recommended": true, "water_notes": { "de": "Gleichmäßige Feuchtigkeit verhindert vorzeitiges Schießen.", "en": "Consistent moisture prevents premature bolting." } }, "nutrition": { "nutrient_group": "heavy_feeder", "heavy_feeder": true, "medium_feeder": false, "light_feeder": false, "nitrogen_need": "high", "phosphorus_need": "medium", "potassium_need": "high", "calcium_need": "high", "magnesium_need": "medium", "compost_recommended": true, "mulching_recommended": true, "fertilizer_sensitivity": "low", "nutrition_notes": { "de": "Kohlarten benötigen viel Kalk und Schwefel für gesundes Wachstum.", "en": "Brassicas require plenty of lime and sulfur for healthy growth." } }, "container": { "container_suitable": true, "min_pot_volume_l": 15.0, "recommended_pot_volume_l": 25.0, "min_pot_depth_cm": 30.0, "min_pot_diameter_cm": 35.0, "plants_per_container_min": 1.0, "plants_per_container_max": 1.0, "drainage_required": true, "repotting_needed": false, "container_notes": { "de": "In ausreichend großen Gefäßen sehr dekorativ.", "en": "Very decorative in sufficiently large containers." } }, "support": { "needs_support": false, "support_recommended": false, "climbing": false, "vining": false, "trellis_recommended": false, "training_required": false, "support_notes": { "de": "In windigen Lagen kann ein kurzer Stab Stabilität geben.", "en": "In windy locations, a short stake can provide stability." } }, "cultivation_modes": { "outdoor_bed_suitable": true, "raised_bed_suitable": true, "container_suitable": true, "balcony_suitable": true, "greenhouse_suitable": true, "polytunnel_suitable": true, "indoor_suitable": false, "windowsill_suitable": false, "hydroponic_possible": true, "permaculture_suitable": true, "no_dig_suitable": true }, "yield_density": { "yield_per_plant_min": 0.5, "yield_per_plant_max": 1.5, "yield_unit": "kg", "yield_per_sqm_min": 2.0, "yield_per_sqm_max": 5.0, "yield_reliability": "high", "yield_notes": { "de": "Ertrag hängt stark von der Erntedauer und Düngung ab.", "en": "Yield depends heavily on the harvest duration and fertilization." } } }, "site": { "sun_exposure": { "de": "Vollsonnig bis halbschattig", "en": "Full sun to partial shade" }, "wind_protection": { "de": "Vorteilhaft, aber nicht zwingend", "en": "Advantageous but not mandatory" }, "climate_suitability": { "de": "Sehr gut geeignet für gemäßigtes europäisches Klima; frosthart.", "en": "Very well suited for temperate European climates; frost hardy." } }, "soil": { "soil_type": { "de": "Mittelschwer, lehmig-humos", "en": "Medium-heavy, loamy-humus" }, "ph_range": { "min": 6.5, "max": 7.5 }, "soil_notes": { "de": "Tiefgründiger Boden mit guter Wasserspeicherung bevorzugt.", "en": "Prefers deep soil with good water retention." } }, "watering": { "frequency": { "de": "Regelmäßig, Boden nie ganz austrocknen lassen.", "en": "Regularly, never let the soil dry out completely." }, "quality": { "de": "Leitungswasser oder Regenwasser geeignet.", "en": "Tap water or rainwater suitable." } }, "nutrition": { "primary_fertilizer": { "de": "Verrotteter Mist oder Kompost im Frühjahr.", "en": "Rotted manure or compost in spring." }, "supplementary_fertilizer": { "de": "Organischer Flüssigdünger oder Hornmehl während der Saison.", "en": "Organic liquid fertilizer or horn meal during the season." } }, "cultivation_planning": { "succession_sowing": { "possible": true, "interval_days_min": 21, "interval_days_max": 30 }, "bed_planning_notes": { "de": "Gute Nachbarn: Erbsen, Bohnen, Salat, Tomaten. Schlechte Nachbarn: Andere Kohlarten.", "en": "Good neighbors: Peas, beans, lettuce, tomatoes. Poor neighbors: Other brassicas." }, "rotation_priority": "high", "interplanting_potential": "high", "mechanization_relevance": "low" }, "crop_rotation": { "rotation_break_years": 4, "preceding_crops": { "de": [ "Erbsen", "Bohnen", "Frühkartoffeln", "Spinat" ], "en": [ "Peas", "Beans", "Early potatoes", "Spinach" ] }, "subsequent_crops": { "de": [ "Möhren", "Rote Bete", "Salat", "Sellerie" ], "en": [ "Carrots", "Beetroot", "Lettuce", "Celery" ] }, "notes": { "de": "Um Kohlhernie zu vermeiden, sollte eine Anbaupause von mindestens 4 Jahren zu anderen Kreuzblütlern eingehalten werden.", "en": "To avoid clubroot, a crop rotation break of at least 4 years from other brassicas should be observed." } }, "companion_planting": { "approach": "mixed_cropping", "good_neighbors": [ { "slug": "pisum-sativum", "name": { "de": "Erbsen", "en": "Peas" }, "reason": { "de": "Stickstofffixierung verbessert das Wachstum des Starkzehrers.", "en": "Nitrogen fixation improves the growth of this heavy feeder." }, "relationship_type": "beneficial" }, { "slug": "solanum-lycopersicum", "name": { "de": "Tomaten", "en": "Tomatoes" }, "reason": { "de": "Der Geruch von Tomaten kann den Kohlweißling verwirren.", "en": "The scent of tomatoes can confuse the cabbage white butterfly." }, "relationship_type": "protective" }, { "slug": "lactuca-sativa", "name": { "de": "Salat", "en": "Lettuce" }, "reason": { "de": "Gute Bodenbedeckung zwischen den hohen Palmkohl-Pflanzen.", "en": "Good ground cover between the tall Lacinato plants." }, "relationship_type": "neutral_supportive" } ], "bad_neighbors": [ { "slug": "brassica-family", "name": { "de": "Andere Kohlarten", "en": "Other Brassicas" }, "reason": { "de": "Gleiche Nährstoffansprüche und Anfälligkeit für dieselben Schädlinge.", "en": "Same nutrient requirements and susceptibility to the same pests." }, "relationship_type": "competitive" }, { "slug": "allium-cepa", "name": { "de": "Zwiebeln", "en": "Onions" }, "reason": { "de": "Kohl kann das Wachstum von Zwiebeln hemmen.", "en": "Brassicas can inhibit the growth of onions." }, "relationship_type": "inhibitory" } ], "companion_scores": [ { "target_slug": "pisum-sativum", "score": 5, "reasons": [ "Nitrogen supply" ] }, { "target_slug": "solanum-lycopersicum", "score": 4, "reasons": [ "Pest confusion" ] } ], "design_rules": { "de": [ "Palmkohl als vertikales Element im Beet nutzen.", "Unterpflanzung mit flachwurzelnden Kräutern oder Salaten." ], "en": [ "Use Lacinato kale as a vertical element in the bed.", "Underplant with shallow-rooting herbs or lettuces." ] }, "notes": { "de": "Mischkultur mit Sellerie ist besonders effektiv gegen die Kohlfliege.", "en": "Companion planting with celery is particularly effective against cabbage flies." } }, "deficiencies": { "nitrogen": { "de": "Hellgrüne bis gelbliche ältere Blätter, kümmerlicher Wuchs.", "en": "Pale green to yellowish older leaves, stunted growth." }, "boron": { "de": "Hohlräume im Strunk, Verbräunungen im Inneren.", "en": "Hollow stems, internal browning." } }, "problems": { "environmental": [ { "name": { "de": "Vorzeitiges Schießen", "en": "Premature Bolting" }, "cause": { "de": "Stress durch Kälte oder Trockenheit.", "en": "Stress caused by cold or drought." } } ] }, "problem_management": { "common_pest_groups": { "de": [ "Raupen", "Blattläuse", "Erdflöhe" ], "en": [ "Caterpillars", "Aphids", "Flea beetles" ] }, "common_disease_groups": { "de": [ "Bodenbürtige Pilze", "Blattfleckenkrankheiten" ], "en": [ "Soil-borne fungi", "Leaf spot diseases" ] }, "prevention_principles": { "de": [ "Verwendung von Kulturschutznetzen ab der Pflanzung.", "Ausgewogene Düngung ohne Stickstoff-Übermaß.", "Regelmäßiges Hacken zur Störung der Schädlingszyklen." ], "en": [ "Use of crop protection nets from planting onwards.", "Balanced fertilization without nitrogen excess.", "Regular hoeing to disrupt pest cycles." ] }, "diagnosis_notes": { "de": "Blattunterseiten regelmäßig auf Eigelege kontrollieren.", "en": "Regularly check the undersides of leaves for egg clusters." } }, "disease_graph": { "scope": "brassica_oleracea_care", "profiles": [ { "slug": "clubroot", "severity": "critical", "conditions": { "de": [ "Saurer Boden", "Staunässe", "Fehlende Fruchtfolge" ], "en": [ "Acidic soil", "Waterlogging", "Lack of crop rotation" ] }, "affected_parts": { "de": [ "Wurzeln", "Gesamte Pflanze" ], "en": [ "Roots", "Whole plant" ] }, "prevention": { "de": [ "Kalkung des Bodens", "Fruchtfolge einhalten" ], "en": [ "Liming the soil", "Maintain crop rotation" ] }, "organic_control": { "de": [ "Keine direkte Bekämpfung möglich; befallene Pflanzen über Hausmüll entsorgen." ], "en": [ "No direct control possible; dispose of infected plants in household waste." ] } } ], "diagnostic_rules": [ { "symptom": { "de": "Löchrige Blätter bei Jungpflanzen", "en": "Holed leaves in young plants" }, "possible_causes": [ "Flea beetles", "Slugs" ], "first_checks": { "de": [ "Auf kleine springende Käfer achten", "Schleimspuren suchen" ], "en": [ "Look for small jumping beetles", "Search for slime trails" ] } } ], "prevention_strategy": { "cultural": { "de": [ "Weite Pflanzabstände für gute Abtrocknung.", "Optimale Kaliumversorgung für Zellstabilität." ], "en": [ "Wide spacing for quick drying.", "Optimal potassium supply for cell stability." ] }, "monitoring": { "de": [ "Wöchentliche Kontrolle auf Kohlweißling-Eier." ], "en": [ "Weekly check for cabbage white eggs." ] }, "organic_first_response": { "de": [ "Absammeln von Raupen.", "Einsatz von Nützlingen wie Schlupfwespen." ], "en": [ "Hand-picking caterpillars.", "Use of beneficial insects like parasitic wasps." ] }, "notes": { "de": "Netze mit Maschenweite < 0,8 mm schützen auch vor der Kohlfliege.", "en": "Nets with mesh size < 0.8 mm also protect against cabbage fly." } } }, "diagnosis": { "common_misdiagnoses": { "de": "Stickstoffmangel wird oft mit Wassermangel verwechselt.", "en": "Nitrogen deficiency is often mistaken for water stress." } }, "phenology": { "stages": { "de": [ "Keimung", "Jungpflanzenstadium", "Blattentwicklung und Palmenwuchs", "Überwinterung (Vegetative Phase)", "Schossen und Blüte (im zweiten Jahr)", "Samenreife" ], "en": [ "Germination", "Seedling stage", "Leaf development and palm-like growth", "Overwintering (Vegetative phase)", "Bolting and flowering (in the second year)", "Seed maturation" ] }, "notes": { "de": "Als zweijährige Pflanze bildet der Palmkohl im ersten Jahr die essbaren Blätter und erst nach einem Kältereiz im Folgejahr Blüten.", "en": "As a biennial plant, Lacinato kale produces edible leaves in the first year and only flowers in the following year after a period of cold." } }, "flowering_pollination": { "flowering_period": { "months": [ 4, 5, 6 ], "notes": { "de": "Blüte erfolgt im Frühjahr des zweiten Standjahres.", "en": "Flowering occurs in the spring of the second year." } }, "flower_color": { "de": "Hellgelb", "en": "Pale yellow" } }, "pollination": { "summary": { "de": "Die Bestäubung erfolgt hauptsächlich durch Insekten wie Bienen und Schwebfliegen.", "en": "Pollination is primarily carried out by insects such as bees and hoverflies." }, "pollinator_required": true, "self_fertility": "self_incompatible", "pollinator_notes": { "de": "Fremdbestäubung durch Insekten ist für einen guten Samenansatz notwendig; kreuzt sich leicht mit anderen Brassica oleracea Varietäten.", "en": "Cross-pollination by insects is necessary for good seed set; cross-pollinates easily with other Brassica oleracea varieties." } }, "harvest": { "harvest_window": { "de": "Spätsommer bis zum Ende des Winters.", "en": "Late summer until the end of winter." }, "optimal_harvest_time": { "de": "Nach dem ersten Frost für ein milderes, süßeres Aroma.", "en": "After the first frost for a milder, sweeter flavor." } }, "harvest_details": { "harvest_frequency": { "de": "Kontinuierlich von unten nach oben.", "en": "Continuous from the bottom up." }, "harvest_indicators": { "de": [ "Blätter haben eine Länge von ca. 20-30 cm erreicht", "Dunkelgrüne, fast bläulich-schwarze Färbung", "Typische blasige Struktur ist voll ausgeprägt" ], "en": [ "Leaves have reached a length of approx. 20-30 cm", "Dark green, almost bluish-black coloration", "Typical crinkled (bumpy) texture is fully developed" ] }, "post_harvest_handling": { "de": "Blätter direkt nach der Ernte in kaltes Wasser stellen oder im Kühlschrank lagern, um Welken zu vermeiden.", "en": "Place leaves in cold water or store in the refrigerator immediately after harvest to prevent wilting." } }, "storage": { "storage_methods": [ { "method": { "de": "Kühlung", "en": "Refrigeration" }, "duration": "1 week" }, { "method": { "de": "Einfrieren", "en": "Freezing" }, "duration": "6-10 months" } ] }, "storage_details": { "general_storage_category": { "de": "Kurzzeitlagerung (frisch) oder Tiefkühlung", "en": "Short-term storage (fresh) or freezing" }, "storage_life": { "de": "Frisch im Kühlschrank ca. 5-7 Tage; gefroren (nach Blanchieren) bis zu 10 Monate.", "en": "Fresh in the refrigerator approx. 5-7 days; frozen (after blanching) up to 10 months." }, "processing_options": { "de": [ "Blanchieren und Einfrieren", "Trocknen zu Kohl-Chips", "Einlegen (Pesto)" ], "en": [ "Blanching and freezing", "Drying into kale chips", "Preserving (Pesto)" ] } }, "processing_use": { "main_uses": { "de": [ "Gedünstet als Beilage", "Bestandteil von Eintöpfen (z.B. Ribollita)", "Roh in feinen Streifen für Salate" ], "en": [ "Steamed as a side dish", "Ingredient in stews (e.g., Ribollita)", "Raw in thin strips for salads" ] } }, "kitchen_usage": { "preparation_tips": { "de": "Die harten Blattrippen sollten vor dem Kochen entfernt werden.", "en": "The tough central ribs should be removed before cooking." }, "flavor_profile": { "de": "Mild-würzig, weniger herb als Grünkohl, mit einer leicht nussigen Note.", "en": "Mildly spicy, less bitter than curly kale, with a slightly nutty note." } }, "safety_and_edibility": { "edible_parts": { "de": [ "Blätter", "Junge Blütenknospen (ähnlich Brokkoli)" ], "en": [ "Leaves", "Young flower buds (similar to broccoli)" ] }, "inedible_or_caution_parts": { "de": [ "Harte, verholzte Strunke" ], "en": [ "Tough, woody stalks" ] }, "toxicity_notes": { "de": "Ungiftig. Wie alle Kohlarten enthält er Senfölglykoside, die bei empfindlichen Personen Blähungen verursachen können.", "en": "Non-toxic. Like all brassicas, it contains glucosinolates, which may cause bloating in sensitive individuals." }, "raw_consumption": { "de": "Möglich und gesund; junge Blätter sind zarter für Rohkost.", "en": "Possible and healthy; young leaves are more tender for raw consumption." } }, "seed_saving": { "isolation_distance_meters": 1000, "minimum_population_size": 20, "seed_viability_years": 5 }, "seed_saving_advanced": { "method": { "de": "Pflanzen überwintern lassen, im zweiten Jahr blühen lassen und die Schoten (Schotenfrüchte) nach der Bräunung ernten.", "en": "Overwinter plants, allow to flower in the second year, and harvest the pods (siliques) after they have turned brown." }, "purity_notes": { "de": "Extrem hohe Verkreuzungsgefahr mit allen anderen Brassica oleracea Arten (Kohlrabi, Brokkoli, Blumenkohl).", "en": "Extremely high risk of cross-pollination with all other Brassica oleracea species (kohlrabi, broccoli, cauliflower)." } }, "varieties": [ { "name": "Nero di Toscana", "description": { "de": "Die klassische, samenfeste Sorte aus Italien mit sehr dunklen, stark blasigen Blättern.", "en": "The classic heirloom variety from Italy with very dark, heavily crinkled leaves." } }, { "name": "Black Magic", "description": { "de": "Verbesserte Selektion mit besonders gleichmäßigem Wuchs und guter Winterhärte.", "en": "Improved selection with particularly uniform growth and good winter hardiness." } } ], "woody_crop_details": { "notes": { "de": "Nicht verholzend im gärtnerischen Sinne, jedoch bildet die Pflanze im Saisonverlauf einen stabilen, palmenartigen Strunk aus.", "en": "Not woody in the horticultural sense, but the plant develops a stable, palm-like stalk over the course of the season." } }, "pruning_logic": { "scope": "harvest_and_maintenance", "system": "continuous_bottom_up", "remove": { "de": [ "Untere, voll entwickelte Blätter für den Verzehr", "Abgestorbene oder vergilbte Blätter an der Basis", "Blütenansätze im ersten Jahr (falls verfrüht auftretend)" ], "en": [ "Lower, fully developed leaves for consumption", "Dead or yellowing leaves at the base", "Flower buds in the first year (if bolting prematurely)" ] }, "preserve": { "de": [ "Zentraler Vegetationspunkt (Herz)", "Junge, sich entwickelnde Blätter im oberen Bereich" ], "en": [ "Central growing point (heart)", "Young, developing leaves in the upper section" ] }, "avoid": { "de": [ "Kahlschlag der Pflanze (stets genügend Blattmasse belassen)", "Beschädigung des Mitteltriebs" ], "en": [ "Stripping the plant bare (always leave enough foliage)", "Damaging the central leader" ] }, "timing_rules": [ { "season": "autumn_winter", "months": [ 9, 10, 11, 12, 1, 2 ], "purpose": { "de": "Haupterntezeit", "en": "Main harvest period" }, "notes": { "de": "Ernte nach Frostbeginn verbessert den Geschmack.", "en": "Harvesting after the onset of frost improves the flavor." } } ], "cut_location_rules": { "de": [ "Blätter direkt am Strunk abbrechen oder mit scharfem Messer schneiden", "Keine langen Blattstielstümpfe stehen lassen" ], "en": [ "Snap leaves off directly at the stalk or cut with a sharp knife", "Do not leave long petiole stubs" ] }, "intensity_rules": { "max_leaf_removal_percent": 30, "notes": { "de": "Nie mehr als ein Drittel der Blattmasse auf einmal entfernen, um das Wachstum nicht zu stoppen.", "en": "Never remove more than one third of the leaf mass at once to avoid stalling growth." } }, "tool_hygiene": { "de": "Saubere Messer verwenden, um Fäulnis am Strunk zu verhindern.", "en": "Use clean knives to prevent rot on the main stalk." }, "diagram_requirements": { "de": [ "Darstellung der Ernteabfolge von unten nach oben", "Markierung des zu schützenden Herzens" ], "en": [ "Illustration of the harvest sequence from bottom to top", "Marking of the central heart to be protected" ] }, "notes": { "de": "Der Palmkohl ist zweijährig; im zweiten Jahr schießt er zur Blüte, die Blätter werden dann meist zäh.", "en": "Lacinato kale is biennial; it will bolt and flower in the second year, at which point the leaves usually become tough." } }, "pruning_training": [ { "method": { "de": "Blattweise Ernte", "en": "Leaf-by-leaf harvest" }, "description": { "de": "Kontinuierliches Entfernen der untersten, voll entwickelten Blätter fördert das Längenwachstum des Stammes.", "en": "Continuous removal of the lowest, fully developed leaves encourages the upward growth of the stem." } } ], "ecology": { "pollinator_value": "high", "wildlife_value": "medium", "biodiversity_notes": { "de": "Wenn die Pflanze im zweiten Jahr zur Blüte kommt, ist sie eine hervorragende Bienenweide. Raupen des Kohlweißlings nutzen sie als Futterpflanze.", "en": "If allowed to flower in its second year, it provides excellent forage for bees. Cabbage white caterpillars use it as a host plant." } }, "practical_notes": [ { "topic": "harvest", "content": { "de": "Ernten Sie immer nur die äußeren Blätter von unten nach oben. So wächst die 'Palme' weiter in die Höhe.", "en": "Always harvest only the outer leaves from the bottom up. This allows the 'palm' to continue growing taller." } }, { "topic": "protection", "content": { "de": "Kulturschutznetze sind fast unverzichtbar, um den Befall durch die Weiße Fliege im Spätsommer zu minimieren.", "en": "Crop protection nets are almost indispensable to minimize whitefly infestation in late summer." } } ], "seasonal_content": { "autumn": { "de": "Haupterntezeit beginnt; Schutznetze können nun entfernt werden.", "en": "Main harvest begins; protection nets can now be removed." }, "winter": { "de": "Frische Vitamine direkt aus dem verschneiten Garten.", "en": "Fresh vitamins straight from the snowy garden." } }, "slug": "palmkohl", "sources": [ { "title": "Wikidata entity", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2048275", "publisher": "Wikidata", "date_accessed": "2026-05-14" }, { "title": "GBIF species match", "url": "https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/match?name=Brassica%20oleracea%20var.%20palmifolia&kingdom=Plantae", "publisher": "GBIF", "date_accessed": "2026-05-14" }, { "title": "Deutschsprachige Wikipedia: Palmkohl", "url": "https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmkohl", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "date_accessed": "2026-05-14" }, { "title": "English Wikipedia: Lacinato kale", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacinato_kale", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "date_accessed": "2026-05-14" } ] }