{
  "names": {
    "common": {
      "de": "Mangold",
      "en": "Swiss Chard"
    },
    "plural": {
      "de": "Mangold",
      "en": "Swiss Chard"
    },
    "botanical": "Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris Cicla Group",
    "botanical_author": "L.",
    "scientific_synonyms": [
      "Beta vulgaris var. cicla",
      "Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla",
      "Beta vulgaris var. flavescens"
    ],
    "synonyms": {
      "de": [
        "Schnittmangold",
        "Krautstiel",
        "Stielmangold",
        "Römischer Kohl"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Chard",
        "Silverbeet",
        "Perpetual spinach",
        "Beet spinach",
        "Seakale beet"
      ]
    },
    "common_synonyms": {
      "de": [
        "Beisskohl",
        "Blattmangold"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Leaf beet"
      ]
    },
    "regional_names": {
      "de": [
        "Krautstiel"
      ]
    },
    "market_names": {
      "de": [
        "Stielmangold",
        "Schnittmangold"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Swiss Chard",
        "Rainbow Chard"
      ]
    },
    "international_names": {
      "fr": [
        "Bette",
        "Blette"
      ],
      "es": [
        "Acelga"
      ],
      "it": [
        "Bietola"
      ],
      "pl": [
        "Burak liściowy"
      ]
    },
    "ambiguous_names": [
      {
        "name": "Mangold",
        "language": "de",
        "shared_with": [
          "Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris Crassa Group"
        ],
        "clarification": {
          "de": "Häufig Verwechslung mit der Futterrübe (Mangelwurzel) in historischer Literatur.",
          "en": "Often confused with Mangelwurzel in historical or regional contexts."
        }
      }
    ],
    "search_terms": {
      "de": [
        "Mangold",
        "Schnittmangold",
        "Stielmangold"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Swiss Chard",
        "Chard",
        "Silverbeet"
      ]
    }
  },
  "taxonomy": {
    "kingdom": "Plantae",
    "clades": [
      "Tracheophyta",
      "Angiospermae",
      "Eudicotyledoneae",
      "Caryophyllales"
    ],
    "order": "Caryophyllales",
    "family_botanical": "Amaranthaceae",
    "family": {
      "de": "Fuchsschwanzgewächse",
      "en": "Amaranth family"
    },
    "family_id": "amaranthaceae",
    "subfamily": "Betoideae",
    "tribe": "Beteae",
    "genus": "Beta",
    "species": "Beta vulgaris",
    "subspecies": "Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris",
    "botanical_variety": "cicla",
    "cultivar_group": "Cicla Group",
    "hybrid_status": "not_hybrid",
    "related_crops": [
      "Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris Conditiva Group",
      "Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris Altissima Group",
      "Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris Crassa Group"
    ]
  },
  "classification": {
    "main_group": "Vegetables",
    "sub_group": "Leafy Vegetables",
    "crop_group": "Root and Leaf Beets",
    "life_cycle": "biennial",
    "perennial": false,
    "woody": false,
    "tree": false,
    "shrub": false,
    "edible_parts": {
      "de": [
        "Blätter",
        "Blattstiele"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Leaves",
        "Stalks"
      ]
    },
    "nutrient_group": "High"
  },
  "calendar": {
    "sowing_indoor": {
      "months": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "earliest_month": 2,
      "latest_month": 3,
      "notes": {
        "de": "Vorzucht für frühe Ernte ab April möglich.",
        "en": "Pre-culture possible for early harvest starting in April."
      }
    },
    "sowing_outdoor": {
      "months": [
        4,
        5,
        6,
        7,
        8
      ],
      "earliest_month": 4,
      "latest_month": 8,
      "notes": {
        "de": "Direktsaat ab Mitte April; für Überwinterung bis August säen.",
        "en": "Direct sowing from mid-April; sow until August for overwintering."
      }
    },
    "planting_out": {
      "months": [
        4,
        5
      ],
      "earliest_month": 4,
      "latest_month": 5,
      "notes": {
        "de": "Abhärten vor dem Auspflanzen; verträgt leichte Fröste.",
        "en": "Harden off before planting out; tolerates light frosts."
      }
    },
    "harvest": {
      "months": [
        5,
        6,
        7,
        8,
        9,
        10,
        11
      ],
      "earliest_month": 5,
      "latest_month": 11,
      "notes": {
        "de": "Laufende Ernte der äußeren Blätter fördert Neuaustrieb.",
        "en": "Continuous harvest of outer leaves encourages new growth."
      }
    },
    "month_tasks": {
      "3": [
        {
          "de": "Vorzucht in Töpfen auf der Fensterbank beginnen.",
          "en": "Start pre-culture in pots on the windowsill."
        }
      ],
      "4": [
        {
          "de": "Direktsaat im Freiland vorbereiten und erste Reihe säen.",
          "en": "Prepare outdoor beds and sow the first row."
        }
      ],
      "6": [
        {
          "de": "Auf ausreichende Bewässerung achten, um Schießen zu vermeiden.",
          "en": "Ensure adequate watering to prevent bolting."
        }
      ],
      "10": [
        {
          "de": "Letzte große Ernte vor starken Frösten; Winterschutz anbringen.",
          "en": "Final major harvest before hard frosts; apply winter protection."
        }
      ]
    }
  },
  "book_content": {
    "overview": {
      "de": "Mangold ist ein wahrer Alleskönner im Gemüsegarten. Ob als farbenfroher Stielmangold oder feiner Schnittmangold, er liefert vom Frühjahr bis in den späten Herbst hinein frisches Grün. Besonders wertvoll ist seine Robustheit gegenüber leichten Frösten, was ihn zu einem idealen Kandidaten für die Selbstversorgung macht.",
      "en": "Swiss chard is a versatile powerhouse in the vegetable garden. Whether grown as colorful stalk chard or delicate leaf beet, it provides fresh greens from spring until late autumn. Its robustness against light frosts makes it an ideal candidate for year-round self-sufficiency."
    }
  },
  "structured_month_tasks": {
    "4": [
      {
        "task": "sowing",
        "label": {
          "de": "Aussaat im Freiland",
          "en": "Outdoor sowing"
        },
        "priority": "high",
        "months": [
          4,
          5,
          6
        ],
        "estimated_effort": "low",
        "notes": {
          "de": "Saattiefe ca. 2-3 cm.",
          "en": "Sowing depth approx. 2-3 cm."
        }
      }
    ],
    "6": [
      {
        "task": "maintenance",
        "label": {
          "de": "Vereinzeln",
          "en": "Thinning"
        },
        "priority": "medium",
        "months": [
          5,
          6
        ],
        "estimated_effort": "medium",
        "notes": {
          "de": "Pflanzen auf 25-30 cm Abstand vereinzeln.",
          "en": "Thin plants to a distance of 25-30 cm."
        }
      }
    ]
  },
  "cultivation_specs": {
    "seed": {
      "seed_depth_cm_min": 2.0,
      "seed_depth_cm_max": 3.0,
      "light_germinator": false,
      "dark_germinator": true,
      "cold_germinator": false,
      "stratification_needed": false,
      "pre_soaking_recommended": true,
      "germination_temp_c_min": 10.0,
      "germination_temp_c_max": 25.0,
      "germination_days_min": 10,
      "germination_days_max": 14,
      "seed_lifespan_years_min": 4,
      "seed_lifespan_years_max": 5,
      "direct_sowing_possible": true,
      "pre_culture_recommended": false
    },
    "spacing": {
      "plant_spacing_cm_min": 25.0,
      "plant_spacing_cm_max": 40.0,
      "row_spacing_cm_min": 30.0,
      "row_spacing_cm_max": 45.0,
      "recommended_density_per_sqm_min": 6.0,
      "recommended_density_per_sqm_max": 9.0,
      "thinning_distance_cm": 30.0,
      "min_bed_width_cm": 120.0,
      "square_foot_gardening_spacing": "1 per square",
      "spacing_notes": {
        "de": "Stielmangold benötigt mehr Platz als Schnittmangold.",
        "en": "Swiss chard (stalk type) requires more space than leaf beet."
      }
    },
    "growth_dimensions": {
      "height_cm_min": 30.0,
      "height_cm_max": 60.0,
      "width_cm_min": 30.0,
      "width_cm_max": 50.0,
      "root_depth_cm_min": 30.0,
      "root_depth_cm_max": 50.0,
      "growth_speed": "medium",
      "final_size_notes": {
        "de": "Bildet kräftige Blattschöpfe und tiefe Pfahlwurzeln.",
        "en": "Forms vigorous leaf clusters and deep taproots."
      }
    },
    "temperature": {
      "min_growing_temp_c": 5.0,
      "optimal_temp_c_min": 15.0,
      "optimal_temp_c_max": 20.0,
      "max_heat_tolerance_c": 30.0,
      "soil_temp_for_sowing_c_min": 10.0,
      "soil_temp_for_sowing_c_optimal": 15.0,
      "frost_sensitive": false,
      "late_frost_sensitive": false,
      "heat_tolerance": "medium",
      "cold_tolerance": "high",
      "temperature_notes": {
        "de": "Verträgt leichte Fröste bis -5°C; Überwinterung mit Schutz möglich.",
        "en": "Tolerates light frosts down to -5°C; overwintering possible with protection."
      }
    },
    "water": {
      "water_need": "high",
      "critical_water_phases": {
        "de": [
          "Keimphase",
          "Hauptwachstumsphase im Sommer"
        ],
        "en": [
          "Germination phase",
          "Main growth phase in summer"
        ]
      },
      "drought_tolerant": false,
      "drought_sensitivity": "high",
      "waterlogging_sensitive": true,
      "mulching_recommended": true,
      "water_notes": {
        "de": "Gleichmäßige Feuchtigkeit verhindert vorzeitiges Schießen.",
        "en": "Consistent moisture prevents premature bolting."
      }
    },
    "nutrition": {
      "nutrient_group": "heavy_feeder",
      "heavy_feeder": true,
      "medium_feeder": false,
      "light_feeder": false,
      "nitrogen_need": "high",
      "phosphorus_need": "medium",
      "potassium_need": "high",
      "calcium_need": "medium",
      "magnesium_need": "low",
      "compost_recommended": true,
      "mulching_recommended": true,
      "fertilizer_sensitivity": "medium",
      "nutrition_notes": {
        "de": "Stickstoffbetonte Düngung für Blattwachstum; Vorsicht vor Nitratanreicherung.",
        "en": "Nitrogen-focused fertilization for leaf growth; beware of nitrate accumulation."
      }
    },
    "container": {
      "container_suitable": true,
      "min_pot_volume_l": 10.0,
      "recommended_pot_volume_l": 15.0,
      "min_pot_depth_cm": 25.0,
      "min_pot_diameter_cm": 30.0,
      "plants_per_container_min": 1.0,
      "plants_per_container_max": 2.0,
      "drainage_required": true,
      "repotting_needed": false,
      "container_notes": {
        "de": "Tiefere Gefäße wegen der Pfahlwurzel bevorzugen.",
        "en": "Prefer deeper containers due to the taproot."
      }
    },
    "cultivation_modes": {
      "outdoor_bed_suitable": true,
      "raised_bed_suitable": true,
      "container_suitable": true,
      "balcony_suitable": true,
      "greenhouse_suitable": true,
      "polytunnel_suitable": true,
      "indoor_suitable": false,
      "windowsill_suitable": false,
      "hydroponic_possible": true,
      "permaculture_suitable": true,
      "no_dig_suitable": true
    }
  },
  "site": {
    "exposure": {
      "de": "Sonnig bis halbschattig",
      "en": "Sunny to partial shade"
    },
    "wind_protection": {
      "de": "Nicht zwingend erforderlich",
      "en": "Not strictly required"
    }
  },
  "soil": {
    "type": {
      "de": "Tiefgründig, humos, lehmig",
      "en": "Deep, humus-rich, loamy"
    },
    "ph_min": 6.0,
    "ph_max": 7.5
  },
  "watering": {
    "frequency": {
      "de": "Regelmäßig, Boden nie ganz austrocknen lassen",
      "en": "Regularly, never let the soil dry out completely"
    }
  },
  "nutrition": {
    "regime": {
      "de": "Grunddüngung mit Kompost vor der Saat; ggf. Nachdüngung im Sommer",
      "en": "Basic fertilization with compost before sowing; top-dress in summer if needed"
    }
  },
  "cultivation_planning": {
    "succession_sowing": {
      "possible": true,
      "interval_days_min": 21,
      "interval_days_max": 30
    },
    "bed_planning_notes": {
      "de": "Guter Nachbar für Kohl, Bohnen und Zwiebeln. Nicht nach anderen Rüben oder Spinat pflanzen.",
      "en": "Good companion for cabbage, beans, and onions. Do not plant after other beets or spinach."
    },
    "rotation_priority": "high",
    "interplanting_potential": "high",
    "mechanization_relevance": "low"
  },
  "crop_rotation": {
    "rotation_break_years": 4,
    "preceding_crops": {
      "de": [
        "Erbsen",
        "Bohnen",
        "Frühe Kartoffeln"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Peas",
        "Beans",
        "Early potatoes"
      ]
    },
    "succeeding_crops": {
      "de": [
        "Salat",
        "Radieschen",
        "Kohlgewächse"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Lettuce",
        "Radishes",
        "Brassicas"
      ]
    },
    "notes": {
      "de": "Nicht nach anderen Gänsefußgewächsen wie Spinat oder Rote Bete anbauen, um Nematodenbefall zu vermeiden.",
      "en": "Avoid planting after other Amaranthaceae like spinach or beetroot to prevent nematode infestation."
    }
  },
  "companion_planting": {
    "approach": "mixed_cropping",
    "good_neighbors": [
      {
        "slug": "brassica-oleracea",
        "name": {
          "de": "Kohl",
          "en": "Cabbage"
        },
        "reason": {
          "de": "Mangold nutzt tiefere Bodenschichten als Kohl.",
          "en": "Chard utilizes deeper soil layers than cabbage."
        },
        "relationship_type": "symbiotic"
      },
      {
        "slug": "allium-cepa",
        "name": {
          "de": "Zwiebel",
          "en": "Onion"
        },
        "reason": {
          "de": "Platzsparende Kombination; Zwiebelduft schreckt Schädlinge ab.",
          "en": "Space-saving combination; onion scent deters pests."
        },
        "relationship_type": "protective"
      },
      {
        "slug": "phaseolus-vulgaris",
        "name": {
          "de": "Buschbohnen",
          "en": "Bush beans"
        },
        "reason": {
          "de": "Bohnen fixieren Stickstoff, den Mangold als Starkzehrer benötigt.",
          "en": "Beans fix nitrogen which chard needs as a heavy feeder."
        },
        "relationship_type": "nutritional"
      }
    ],
    "bad_neighbors": [
      {
        "slug": "spinacia-oleracea",
        "name": {
          "de": "Spinat",
          "en": "Spinach"
        },
        "reason": {
          "de": "Gleiche Pflanzenfamilie; fördert Ausbreitung von Krankheiten.",
          "en": "Same plant family; promotes spread of diseases."
        },
        "relationship_type": "competitive"
      },
      {
        "slug": "beta-vulgaris-conditiva",
        "name": {
          "de": "Rote Bete",
          "en": "Beetroot"
        },
        "reason": {
          "de": "Gleiche Art; Konkurrenz um Nährstoffe und Nematodenrisiko.",
          "en": "Same species; competition for nutrients and nematode risk."
        },
        "relationship_type": "competitive"
      }
    ],
    "neutral_neighbors": [
      {
        "slug": "lactuca-sativa",
        "name": {
          "de": "Salat",
          "en": "Lettuce"
        },
        "relationship_type": "neutral"
      }
    ],
    "companion_scores": [
      {
        "target_slug": "allium-cepa",
        "score": 5,
        "reasons": [
          "Deterrent effect"
        ]
      },
      {
        "target_slug": "phaseolus-vulgaris",
        "score": 4,
        "reasons": [
          "Nitrogen fixation"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "design_rules": {
      "de": [
        "Zwischen hohen Kohlpflanzen pflanzen.",
        "Reihen mit Zwiebeln abwechseln."
      ],
      "en": [
        "Plant between tall brassicas.",
        "Alternate rows with onions."
      ]
    },
    "notes": {
      "de": "Mangold ist sehr verträglich, außer mit seinen direkten Verwandten.",
      "en": "Chard is very compatible except with its direct relatives."
    }
  },
  "deficiencies": {
    "list": [
      {
        "name": {
          "de": "Stickstoffmangel",
          "en": "Nitrogen deficiency"
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": "Kümmerwuchs, hellgrüne bis gelbliche Blätter.",
          "en": "Stunted growth, pale green to yellowish leaves."
        }
      },
      {
        "name": {
          "de": "Bor-Mangel",
          "en": "Boron deficiency"
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": "Herz- und Trockenfäule, rissige Stiele.",
          "en": "Heart rot, cracked stalks."
        }
      }
    ]
  },
  "problems": {
    "list": [
      {
        "name": {
          "de": "Vorzeitiges Schießen",
          "en": "Premature bolting"
        },
        "causes": {
          "de": "Kältereiz im Jungpflanzenstadium oder Trockenstress.",
          "en": "Cold stimulus in seedling stage or drought stress."
        }
      }
    ]
  },
  "problem_management": {
    "common_pest_groups": {
      "de": [
        "Minierfliegen",
        "Blattläuse",
        "Nematoden"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Leaf miners",
        "Aphids",
        "Nematodes"
      ]
    },
    "common_disease_groups": {
      "de": [
        "Blattfleckenkrankheiten",
        "Mehltaupilze"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Leaf spot diseases",
        "Mildews"
      ]
    },
    "prevention_principles": {
      "de": [
        "Fruchtfolge einhalten (4 Jahre Pause)",
        "Ausreichender Pflanzabstand für Luftzirkulation",
        "Gleichmäßige Wasserversorgung"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Maintain crop rotation (4-year break)",
        "Sufficient spacing for air circulation",
        "Consistent water supply"
      ]
    },
    "diagnosis_notes": {
      "de": "Flecken auf den Blättern meist pilzlich; Fraßgänge im Blattinneren deuten auf Rübenfliegen hin.",
      "en": "Spots on leaves are usually fungal; galleries inside leaves indicate leaf miners."
    }
  },
  "disease_graph": {
    "scope": "Beta vulgaris Cicla Group",
    "profiles": [
      {
        "slug": "cercospora",
        "severity": "medium",
        "conditions": {
          "de": [
            "Hohe Luftfeuchtigkeit",
            "Temperaturen über 20°C"
          ],
          "en": [
            "High humidity",
            "Temperatures above 20°C"
          ]
        },
        "affected_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Ältere Blätter"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Older leaves"
          ]
        },
        "prevention": {
          "de": [
            "Nicht von oben gießen",
            "Abstände vergrößern"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Avoid overhead watering",
            "Increase spacing"
          ]
        },
        "organic_control": {
          "de": [
            "Befallene Blätter sofort entfernen",
            "Schachtelhalm-Extrakt zur Stärkung"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Remove infected leaves immediately",
            "Horsetail extract for strengthening"
          ]
        }
      }
    ],
    "diagnostic_rules": [
      {
        "symptom": {
          "de": "Weiße oder braune Miniergänge",
          "en": "White or brown tunnels in leaves"
        },
        "possible_causes": [
          "pegomya-hyoscyami"
        ],
        "first_checks": {
          "de": [
            "Blattunterseiten nach Eigelegen absuchen"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Check underside of leaves for egg clusters"
          ]
        }
      }
    ],
    "prevention_strategy": {
      "cultural": {
        "de": [
          "Standortwahl (windoffen)",
          "Kompostgaben"
        ],
        "en": [
          "Site selection (airy)",
          "Compost application"
        ]
      },
      "monitoring": {
        "de": [
          "Wöchentliche Kontrolle auf Blattläuse ab Mai"
        ],
        "en": [
          "Weekly aphid checks starting in May"
        ]
      },
      "organic_first_response": {
        "de": [
          "Abbrausen mit Wasserstrahl bei Lausbefall",
          "Gelbsticker einsetzen"
        ],
        "en": [
          "Hosing down with water for aphids",
          "Use yellow sticky traps"
        ]
      },
      "notes": {
        "de": "Robuste Kultur, Probleme meist durch zu engen Stand oder Staunässe.",
        "en": "Robust crop, problems usually caused by overcrowding or waterlogging."
      }
    }
  },
  "diagnosis": {
    "quick_guide": {
      "de": "Bei Blattverfärbungen Stickstoffwert prüfen; bei Löchern Schädlinge suchen.",
      "en": "In case of leaf discoloration, check nitrogen levels; for holes, look for pests."
    }
  },
  "phenology": {
    "stages": {
      "de": [
        "Keimung",
        "Blattentwicklung",
        "Rosettenbildung",
        "Überwinterung (optional)",
        "Schossen (im zweiten Jahr)",
        "Blüte",
        "Samenreife"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Germination",
        "Leaf development",
        "Rosette formation",
        "Overwintering (optional)",
        "Bolting (in second year)",
        "Flowering",
        "Seed ripening"
      ]
    },
    "notes": {
      "de": "Mangold ist zweijährig; im ersten Jahr erfolgt die vegetative Erntephase, im zweiten Jahr die generative Phase.",
      "en": "Swiss chard is biennial; the vegetative harvest phase occurs in the first year, while the generative phase occurs in the second."
    }
  },
  "flowering_pollination": {
    "flowering_period": {
      "de": "Juni bis August (im zweiten Standjahr)",
      "en": "June to August (in the second year)"
    },
    "flower_color": {
      "de": "Grünlich bis gelblich",
      "en": "Greenish to yellowish"
    },
    "flower_type": {
      "de": "Unscheinbare Knäuelblüten in langen Ähren",
      "en": "Inconspicuous clustered flowers in long spikes"
    }
  },
  "pollination": {
    "summary": {
      "de": "Hauptsächlich Windbestäubung; Kreuzbestäubung mit anderen Beta-Rüben möglich.",
      "en": "Primarily wind-pollinated; cross-pollination with other Beta beets is possible."
    },
    "pollinator_required": false,
    "self_fertility": "partially self-fertile",
    "pollinator_notes": {
      "de": "Insekten besuchen die Blüten gelegentlich, spielen aber für den Fruchtansatz eine untergeordnete Rolle.",
      "en": "Insects visit the flowers occasionally but play a minor role in fruit set."
    }
  },
  "harvest": {
    "main_harvest_period": {
      "de": "Juni bis Oktober",
      "en": "June to October"
    },
    "methods": {
      "de": [
        "Einzelblattpflücke",
        "Abschneiden des gesamten Schopfes (Schnittmangold)"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Individual leaf picking",
        "Cutting the entire head (perpetual spinach type)"
      ]
    }
  },
  "harvest_details": {
    "harvest_frequency": {
      "de": "Regelmäßig alle 1-2 Wochen, sobald Blätter ausreichend groß sind.",
      "en": "Regularly every 1-2 weeks as soon as leaves are sufficiently large."
    },
    "harvest_indicators": {
      "de": [
        "Blattgröße erreicht ca. 15-20 cm (Schnittmangold)",
        "Kräftige Stiele und voll entwickelte Spreiten (Stielmangold)"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Leaf size reaches approx. 15-20 cm (leaf beet)",
        "Sturdy stalks and fully developed blades (stalk chard)"
      ]
    },
    "post_harvest_handling": {
      "de": "Blätter nach der Ernte kühl lagern oder sofort verarbeiten, da sie schnell welken.",
      "en": "Store leaves in a cool place after harvest or process immediately as they wilt quickly."
    }
  },
  "storage": {
    "fresh_storage": {
      "de": "Im Kühlschrank im feuchten Tuch",
      "en": "In the refrigerator in a damp cloth"
    },
    "preservation_methods": {
      "de": [
        "Einfrieren (nach Blanchieren)",
        "Einlegen"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Freezing (after blanching)",
        "Pickling"
      ]
    }
  },
  "storage_details": {
    "general_storage_category": {
      "de": "Kurzzeitlagerung (Frischgemüse)",
      "en": "Short-term storage (fresh vegetable)"
    },
    "storage_life": {
      "de": "2 bis 4 Tage im Kühlschrank",
      "en": "2 to 4 days in the refrigerator"
    },
    "processing_options": {
      "de": [
        "Blanchieren und Einfrieren",
        "Fermentieren",
        "Trocknen der Stiele"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Blanching and freezing",
        "Fermenting",
        "Drying the stalks"
      ]
    }
  },
  "processing_use": {
    "primary_use": {
      "de": "Kochgemüse",
      "en": "Cooked vegetable"
    },
    "industrial_relevance": {
      "de": "Gering; hauptsächlich Frischmarkt und Eigenanbau.",
      "en": "Low; mainly fresh market and home gardening."
    }
  },
  "kitchen_usage": {
    "preparation": {
      "de": [
        "Stiele und Blätter trennen (Stielmangold)",
        "Gründlich waschen, um Sand zu entfernen"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Separate stalks and leaves (Swiss chard)",
        "Wash thoroughly to remove sand"
      ]
    },
    "culinary_styles": {
      "de": [
        "Dünsten",
        "Überbacken",
        "Wok-Gerichte",
        "Füllung für Teigtaschen"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Steaming",
        "Gratin",
        "Stir-fry",
        "Filling for dumplings"
      ]
    }
  },
  "safety_and_edibility": {
    "edible_parts": {
      "de": [
        "Blätter",
        "Blattstiele"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Leaves",
        "Stalks"
      ]
    },
    "inedible_or_caution_parts": {
      "de": [
        "Wurzel (essbar, aber holzig)",
        "Samen"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Root (edible but woody)",
        "Seeds"
      ]
    },
    "toxicity_notes": {
      "de": "Enthält Oxalsäure und Nitrat; Personen mit Neigung zu Nierensteinen sollten den Konsum mäßigen.",
      "en": "Contains oxalic acid and nitrates; people prone to kidney stones should consume in moderation."
    },
    "raw_consumption": {
      "de": "In kleinen Mengen möglich (junge Blätter im Salat), meist gekocht verzehrt.",
      "en": "Possible in small amounts (young leaves in salads), usually consumed cooked."
    }
  },
  "animal_safety": {
    "schema_version": "1.0",
    "last_reviewed": "2026-06-02",
    "summary": {
      "de": "Die Datenlage ist je nach Tierart unterschiedlich; unbekannte Einträge sollten vor Fütterung oder freiem Zugang fachlich geprüft werden.",
      "en": "Evidence varies by animal; unknown entries should be reviewed before feeding or allowing access."
    },
    "overall": {
      "highest_status": "unknown",
      "emergency_level": "unknown",
      "has_part_specific_risk": false,
      "has_unknowns": true,
      "human_review_recommended": true,
      "unknown_animals": [
        "dog",
        "cat",
        "rabbit",
        "guinea_pig",
        "hamster",
        "budgie",
        "horse",
        "chicken",
        "duck",
        "goose",
        "sheep",
        "goat",
        "cattle",
        "pig"
      ]
    },
    "animals": [
      {
        "key": "dog",
        "label": {
          "de": "Hund",
          "en": "Dog"
        },
        "status": "unknown",
        "risk_certainty": "unknown",
        "access_recommendation": "unknown",
        "feed_suitability": "unknown",
        "emergency_level": "unknown",
        "note": {
          "de": "Keine belastbare artspezifische Einstufung vorhanden.",
          "en": "No reliable species-specific assessment is available."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "insufficient",
          "source_basis": "unknown",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": false,
          "source_count": 0
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "cat",
        "label": {
          "de": "Katze",
          "en": "Cat"
        },
        "status": "unknown",
        "risk_certainty": "unknown",
        "access_recommendation": "unknown",
        "feed_suitability": "unknown",
        "emergency_level": "unknown",
        "note": {
          "de": "Keine belastbare artspezifische Einstufung vorhanden.",
          "en": "No reliable species-specific assessment is available."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "insufficient",
          "source_basis": "unknown",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": false,
          "source_count": 0
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "rabbit",
        "label": {
          "de": "Kaninchen",
          "en": "Rabbit"
        },
        "status": "unknown",
        "risk_certainty": "unknown",
        "access_recommendation": "unknown",
        "feed_suitability": "unknown",
        "emergency_level": "unknown",
        "note": {
          "de": "Keine belastbare artspezifische Einstufung vorhanden.",
          "en": "No reliable species-specific assessment is available."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "insufficient",
          "source_basis": "unknown",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": false,
          "source_count": 0
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "guinea_pig",
        "label": {
          "de": "Meerschweinchen",
          "en": "Guinea pig"
        },
        "status": "unknown",
        "risk_certainty": "unknown",
        "access_recommendation": "unknown",
        "feed_suitability": "unknown",
        "emergency_level": "unknown",
        "note": {
          "de": "Keine belastbare artspezifische Einstufung vorhanden.",
          "en": "No reliable species-specific assessment is available."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "insufficient",
          "source_basis": "unknown",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": false,
          "source_count": 0
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "hamster",
        "label": {
          "de": "Hamster",
          "en": "Hamster"
        },
        "status": "unknown",
        "risk_certainty": "unknown",
        "access_recommendation": "unknown",
        "feed_suitability": "unknown",
        "emergency_level": "unknown",
        "note": {
          "de": "Keine belastbare artspezifische Einstufung vorhanden.",
          "en": "No reliable species-specific assessment is available."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "insufficient",
          "source_basis": "unknown",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": false,
          "source_count": 0
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "budgie",
        "label": {
          "de": "Wellensittich",
          "en": "Budgie"
        },
        "status": "unknown",
        "risk_certainty": "unknown",
        "access_recommendation": "unknown",
        "feed_suitability": "unknown",
        "emergency_level": "unknown",
        "note": {
          "de": "Keine belastbare artspezifische Einstufung vorhanden.",
          "en": "No reliable species-specific assessment is available."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "insufficient",
          "source_basis": "unknown",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": false,
          "source_count": 0
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "horse",
        "label": {
          "de": "Pferd",
          "en": "Horse"
        },
        "status": "unknown",
        "risk_certainty": "unknown",
        "access_recommendation": "unknown",
        "feed_suitability": "unknown",
        "emergency_level": "unknown",
        "note": {
          "de": "Keine belastbare artspezifische Einstufung vorhanden.",
          "en": "No reliable species-specific assessment is available."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "insufficient",
          "source_basis": "unknown",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": false,
          "source_count": 0
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "chicken",
        "label": {
          "de": "Huhn",
          "en": "Chicken"
        },
        "status": "unknown",
        "risk_certainty": "unknown",
        "access_recommendation": "unknown",
        "feed_suitability": "unknown",
        "emergency_level": "unknown",
        "note": {
          "de": "Keine belastbare artspezifische Einstufung vorhanden.",
          "en": "No reliable species-specific assessment is available."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "insufficient",
          "source_basis": "unknown",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": false,
          "source_count": 0
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "duck",
        "label": {
          "de": "Ente",
          "en": "Duck"
        },
        "status": "unknown",
        "risk_certainty": "unknown",
        "access_recommendation": "unknown",
        "feed_suitability": "unknown",
        "emergency_level": "unknown",
        "note": {
          "de": "Keine belastbare artspezifische Einstufung vorhanden.",
          "en": "No reliable species-specific assessment is available."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "insufficient",
          "source_basis": "unknown",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": false,
          "source_count": 0
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "goose",
        "label": {
          "de": "Gans",
          "en": "Goose"
        },
        "status": "unknown",
        "risk_certainty": "unknown",
        "access_recommendation": "unknown",
        "feed_suitability": "unknown",
        "emergency_level": "unknown",
        "note": {
          "de": "Keine belastbare artspezifische Einstufung vorhanden.",
          "en": "No reliable species-specific assessment is available."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "insufficient",
          "source_basis": "unknown",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": false,
          "source_count": 0
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "sheep",
        "label": {
          "de": "Schaf",
          "en": "Sheep"
        },
        "status": "unknown",
        "risk_certainty": "unknown",
        "access_recommendation": "unknown",
        "feed_suitability": "unknown",
        "emergency_level": "unknown",
        "note": {
          "de": "Keine belastbare artspezifische Einstufung vorhanden.",
          "en": "No reliable species-specific assessment is available."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "insufficient",
          "source_basis": "unknown",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": false,
          "source_count": 0
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "goat",
        "label": {
          "de": "Ziege",
          "en": "Goat"
        },
        "status": "unknown",
        "risk_certainty": "unknown",
        "access_recommendation": "unknown",
        "feed_suitability": "unknown",
        "emergency_level": "unknown",
        "note": {
          "de": "Keine belastbare artspezifische Einstufung vorhanden.",
          "en": "No reliable species-specific assessment is available."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "insufficient",
          "source_basis": "unknown",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": false,
          "source_count": 0
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "cattle",
        "label": {
          "de": "Rind",
          "en": "Cattle"
        },
        "status": "unknown",
        "risk_certainty": "unknown",
        "access_recommendation": "unknown",
        "feed_suitability": "unknown",
        "emergency_level": "unknown",
        "note": {
          "de": "Keine belastbare artspezifische Einstufung vorhanden.",
          "en": "No reliable species-specific assessment is available."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "insufficient",
          "source_basis": "unknown",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": false,
          "source_count": 0
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "pig",
        "label": {
          "de": "Schwein",
          "en": "Pig"
        },
        "status": "unknown",
        "risk_certainty": "unknown",
        "access_recommendation": "unknown",
        "feed_suitability": "unknown",
        "emergency_level": "unknown",
        "note": {
          "de": "Keine belastbare artspezifische Einstufung vorhanden.",
          "en": "No reliable species-specific assessment is available."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "insufficient",
          "source_basis": "unknown",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": false,
          "source_count": 0
        }
      }
    ]
  },
  "seed_saving": {
    "isolation_distance_m": 1000.0,
    "seed_type": {
      "de": "Knäuelfrucht (mehrere Samen pro Frucht)",
      "en": "Seed ball (multiple seeds per fruit)"
    },
    "collection_method": {
      "de": "Warten bis die Samenstände braun und trocken sind, dann abschneiden und nachreifen lassen.",
      "en": "Wait until seed heads are brown and dry, then cut and allow to post-ripen."
    }
  },
  "seed_saving_advanced": {
    "vernalization_required": true,
    "crossing_risks": {
      "de": "Kreuzt sich leicht mit Roter Bete, Zuckerrübe und Futterrübe.",
      "en": "Crosses easily with beetroot, sugar beet, and mangelwurzel."
    },
    "selection_criteria": {
      "de": [
        "Schossfestigkeit im ersten Jahr",
        "Stielfarbe und -breite",
        "Blattgesundheit"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Resistance to bolting in the first year",
        "Stalk color and width",
        "Leaf health"
      ]
    }
  },
  "woody_crop_details": {
    "renewal_pruning_relevance": "not_applicable",
    "notes": {
      "de": "Mangold ist eine krautige, zweijährige Gemüsepflanze; holzige Strukturen oder Veredelungen sind nicht Teil der Kulturführung.",
      "en": "Swiss chard is an herbaceous biennial vegetable; woody structures or grafting are not part of standard cultivation."
    }
  },
  "pruning_logic": {
    "scope": "leaf_harvest_and_maintenance",
    "system": "continuous_outer_leaf_removal",
    "remove": {
      "de": [
        "Einzelne äußere Blätter",
        "Blütenstängel im ersten Jahr (um Schossen zu verzögern)",
        "Welke oder vergilbte Blätter",
        "Kranke Blätter (Cercospora-Befall)"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Individual outer leaves",
        "Flower stalks in the first year (to delay bolting)",
        "Wilted or yellowed leaves",
        "Diseased leaves (Cercospora infection)"
      ]
    },
    "preserve": {
      "de": [
        "Herzblätter (Wachstumspunkt)",
        "Innere, junge Blätter",
        "Wurzelstock während der Saison"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Heart leaves (growing point)",
        "Inner, young leaves",
        "Rootstock during the season"
      ]
    },
    "avoid": {
      "de": [
        "Beschädigung des Vegetationspunktes in der Mitte",
        "Kahlschlag der gesamten Pflanze (außer bei Schnittmangold)",
        "Ernte bei Frost"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Damaging the central vegetation point",
        "Stripping the entire plant (except for perpetual spinach types)",
        "Harvesting during frost"
      ]
    },
    "timing_rules": [
      {
        "season": "growing_season",
        "months": [
          5,
          6,
          7,
          8,
          9,
          10
        ],
        "purpose": {
          "de": "Laufende Ernte und Vitalisierung",
          "en": "Continuous harvest and vitalization"
        },
        "notes": {
          "de": "Regelmäßiges Pflücken fördert den Neuaustrieb aus dem Herzen.",
          "en": "Regular picking encourages new growth from the heart."
        }
      },
      {
        "season": "late_autumn",
        "months": [
          10,
          11
        ],
        "purpose": {
          "de": "Wintervorbereitung",
          "en": "Winter preparation"
        },
        "notes": {
          "de": "Abgestorbene Blätter entfernen, um Fäulnis im Winterquartier zu vermeiden.",
          "en": "Remove dead leaves to prevent rot during wintering."
        }
      }
    ],
    "cut_location_rules": {
      "de": [
        "Stiele kurz über dem Boden abschneiden oder vorsichtig herausdrehen.",
        "Schnitt bei Schnittmangold ca. 2-3 cm über der Erdoberfläche."
      ],
      "en": [
        "Cut stalks just above the ground or twist them out carefully.",
        "For leaf beet, cut approx. 2-3 cm above the soil surface."
      ]
    },
    "intensity_rules": {
      "thinning": "low",
      "harvest_intensity": "medium_high"
    },
    "decision_tree": [
      {
        "condition": "Is it a stalk chard variety?",
        "action": "Harvest individual outer stalks only."
      },
      {
        "condition": "Is it a leaf beet/perpetual spinach variety?",
        "action": "Cut the entire leaf mass above the heart."
      }
    ],
    "tool_hygiene": {
      "de": "Saubere Messer verwenden, um die Übertragung von Blattfleckenkrankheiten zu minimieren.",
      "en": "Use clean knives to minimize the transmission of leaf spot diseases."
    },
    "diagram_requirements": {
      "de": [
        "Schnittführung am Blattstiel",
        "Darstellung des Herzblatts zur Vermeidung von Verletzungen"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Cutting line on the petiole",
        "Illustration of the heart leaf to avoid injury"
      ]
    },
    "notes": {
      "de": "Der Rückschnitt beim Mangold dient primär der Ernte und der Pflanzengesundheit, nicht der Formgebung.",
      "en": "Pruning in Swiss chard is primarily for harvest and plant health, not for shaping."
    }
  },
  "ecology": {
    "pollinator_value": "low",
    "wildlife_value": "low",
    "biodiversity_notes": {
      "de": "Mangold wird meist vor der Blüte geerntet. Wenn man ihn im zweiten Jahr blühen lässt, bietet er Windbestäubern Pollen, ist aber ökologisch weniger bedeutsam als heimische Wildblumen.",
      "en": "Chard is usually harvested before flowering. If allowed to flower in its second year, it provides pollen for wind pollinators but is ecologically less significant than native wildflowers."
    }
  },
  "practical_notes": {
    "cultivation_tip": {
      "de": "Säen Sie Mangold in Sätzen alle 4 Wochen aus, um den ganzen Sommer über zarte junge Blätter zu haben.",
      "en": "Sow chard in successions every 4 weeks to ensure tender young leaves throughout the summer."
    }
  },
  "seasonal_content": {
    "spring": {
      "de": "Ab April direkt ins Beet säen.",
      "en": "Sow directly into the bed from April."
    },
    "autumn": {
      "de": "Letzte Aussaat für die Überwinterung im August.",
      "en": "Last sowing for overwintering in August."
    }
  },
  "slug": "mangold",
  "sources": [
    {
      "title": "Wikidata entity",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157954",
      "publisher": "Wikidata",
      "date_accessed": "2026-05-14"
    },
    {
      "title": "GBIF species match",
      "url": "https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/match?name=Beta%20vulgaris%20var.%20cicla&kingdom=Plantae",
      "publisher": "GBIF",
      "date_accessed": "2026-05-14"
    },
    {
      "title": "Deutschsprachige Wikipedia: Mangold",
      "url": "https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangold",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "date_accessed": "2026-05-14"
    },
    {
      "title": "Wikidata entity",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740726",
      "publisher": "Wikidata",
      "date_accessed": "2026-05-14"
    },
    {
      "title": "GBIF species match",
      "url": "https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/match?name=Beta%20vulgaris%20var.%20crassa&kingdom=Plantae",
      "publisher": "GBIF",
      "date_accessed": "2026-05-14"
    },
    {
      "title": "Deutschsprachige Wikipedia: Futterrübe",
      "url": "https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futterr%C3%BCbe",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "date_accessed": "2026-05-14"
    },
    {
      "title": "English Wikipedia: Mangelwurzel",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangelwurzel",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "date_accessed": "2026-05-14"
    }
  ]
}