{ "names": { "common": { "de": "Haselnuss", "en": "Common Hazel" }, "plural": { "de": "Haselnüsse", "en": "Hazels" }, "botanical": "Corylus avellana", "botanical_author": "L.", "scientific_synonyms": [ "Corylus sylvestris", "Corylus avellana var. sylvestris", "Corylus avellana subsp. memorabilis", "Corylus avellana subsp. sylvestris" ], "synonyms": { "de": [ "Waldhasel", "Gewöhnliche Haselnuss", "Gemeine Hasel", "Haselstrauch", "Haselnussstrauch" ], "en": [ "Hazel", "Hazelnut", "European Filbert", "European Hazel", "Cobnut" ] }, "common_synonyms": { "de": [ "Waldhasel", "Hasel" ], "en": [ "Hazel", "Cobnut" ] }, "market_names": { "de": [ "Haselnuss" ], "en": [ "Hazelnut" ] }, "international_names": { "fr": [ "Noisetier commun", "Coudrier" ], "es": [ "Avellano" ], "it": [ "Nocciolo" ], "pl": [ "Leszczyna pospolita" ] }, "ambiguous_names": [ { "name": "Hazel", "language": "en", "shared_with": [ "Corylus colurna", "Corylus maxima" ], "clarification": { "de": "Bezieht sich meist auf die einheimische Corylus avellana.", "en": "Usually refers to the native Corylus avellana in a UK/European context." } } ], "search_terms": { "de": [ "Haselnuss", "Corylus", "Nussstrauch" ], "en": [ "Hazelnut", "Hazel", "Corylus" ] } }, "taxonomy": { "kingdom": "Plantae", "clades": [ "Tracheophyta", "Magnoliopsida" ], "order": "Fagales", "family_botanical": "Betulaceae", "family": { "de": "Birkengewächse", "en": "Birch family" }, "family_id": "betulaceae", "subfamily": "Coryloideae", "genus": "Corylus", "species": "Corylus avellana", "hybrid_status": "not_hybrid", "related_crops": [ "Corylus maxima", "Corylus colurna" ] }, "classification": { "main_group": "Fruit & Nuts", "sub_group": "Nuts", "crop_group": "Woody Perennials", "life_cycle": "Perennial", "perennial": true, "woody": true, "tree": false, "shrub": true, "edible_parts": { "de": [ "Samen", "Nüsse" ], "en": [ "Seeds", "Nuts" ] }, "nutrient_group": "Fat-rich" }, "calendar": { "sowing_indoor": { "notes": { "de": "Vorkultur unüblich; Keimung erfolgt meist im Freien nach Frostperioden.", "en": "Indoor sowing unusual; germination typically occurs outdoors after frost exposure." } }, "sowing_outdoor": { "months": [ 10, 11 ], "earliest_month": 10, "latest_month": 11, "notes": { "de": "Direktsaat im Herbst ermöglicht die natürliche Stratifizierung über den Winter.", "en": "Direct sowing in autumn allows for natural stratification over winter." } }, "planting_out": { "months": [ 3, 4, 10, 11 ], "earliest_month": 3, "latest_month": 11, "notes": { "de": "Pflanzung bevorzugt im Herbst oder zeitigen Frühjahr vor dem Austrieb.", "en": "Planting preferred in autumn or early spring before bud break." } }, "harvest": { "months": [ 9, 10 ], "earliest_month": 9, "latest_month": 10, "notes": { "de": "Ernte, wenn die Nüsse braun werden und leicht aus der Hülle fallen.", "en": "Harvest when nuts turn brown and fall easily from the husks." } }, "month_tasks": { "1": [ { "de": "Verjüngungsschnitt an frostfreien Tagen durchführen.", "en": "Perform rejuvenation pruning on frost-free days." } ], "2": [ { "de": "Beobachtung der Kätzchenblüte; Schnittmaßnahmen abschließen.", "en": "Observe catkin flowering; finalize pruning tasks." } ], "3": [ { "de": "Neupflanzung vor dem Austrieb möglich.", "en": "New planting possible before bud break." } ], "4": [ { "de": "Mulchschicht im Wurzelbereich erneuern.", "en": "Renew mulch layer in the root zone." } ], "5": [ { "de": "Auf Haselnussbohrer-Befall kontrollieren.", "en": "Monitor for hazelnut weevil infestation." } ], "6": [ { "de": "Wurzelschosser (Wildtriebe) an der Basis entfernen.", "en": "Remove root suckers at the base." } ], "7": [ { "de": "Bei extremer Trockenheit Jungpflanzen wässern.", "en": "Water young plants during extreme drought." } ], "8": [ { "de": "Vorbereitung der Ernteflächen unter den Sträuchern.", "en": "Prepare harvesting areas under the shrubs." } ], "9": [ { "de": "Haupterntezeit der reifen Haselnüsse.", "en": "Main harvest time for ripe hazelnuts." } ], "10": [ { "de": "Abschluss der Ernte; Neupflanzungen beginnen.", "en": "Finish harvest; start new plantings." } ], "11": [ { "de": "Optimale Zeit für die Herbstpflanzung.", "en": "Optimal time for autumn planting." } ], "12": [ { "de": "Kontrolle auf Winterschäden; Werkzeugpflege.", "en": "Check for winter damage; tool maintenance." } ] }, "month_tasks_structured": { "1": [ { "task": "pruning", "label": { "de": "Auslichtungsschnitt", "en": "Thinning cut" }, "priority": "medium", "months": [ 1, 2 ], "notes": { "de": "Alte Triebe bodennah entfernen, um Licht ins Innere zu lassen.", "en": "Remove old shoots near ground level to allow light into the center." } } ], "9": [ { "task": "harvesting", "label": { "de": "Haselnüsse sammeln", "en": "Collect hazelnuts" }, "priority": "high", "months": [ 9, 10 ], "notes": { "de": "Regelmäßig vom Boden aufsammeln, um Schimmel zu vermeiden.", "en": "Collect regularly from the ground to prevent mold." } } ] } }, "book_content": { "intro_text": { "de": "Die Gemeine Hasel (Corylus avellana) ist ein heimischer Klassiker im Garten. Als einer der ersten Frühlingsboten liefert sie wertvollen Pollen für Bienen und später nahrhafte Nüsse für Mensch und Tier.", "en": "The Common Hazel (Corylus avellana) is a native garden staple. As one of the first heralds of spring, it provides valuable pollen for bees and later offers nutritious nuts for humans and wildlife alike." }, "history": { "de": "Bereits in der Steinzeit waren Haselnüsse ein wichtiges Grundnahrungsmittel. Ihr Name 'avellana' geht auf die antike Stadt Abella in Italien zurück.", "en": "Hazelnuts have been a staple food since the Stone Age. The specific epithet 'avellana' refers to the ancient Italian city of Abella." } }, "structured_month_tasks": { "1": [ { "task": "maintenance", "label": { "de": "Winterschnitt", "en": "Winter pruning" }, "priority": "medium", "months": [ 1, 2 ] } ], "10": [ { "task": "planting", "label": { "de": "Gehölzpflanzung", "en": "Woody plant planting" }, "priority": "high", "months": [ 10, 11 ] } ] }, "cultivation_specs": { "seed": { "seed_depth_cm_min": 5.0, "seed_depth_cm_max": 8.0, "light_germinator": false, "dark_germinator": true, "cold_germinator": true, "stratification_needed": true, "pre_soaking_recommended": true, "germination_temp_c_min": 4.0, "germination_temp_c_max": 15.0, "germination_days_min": 180, "germination_days_max": 360, "seed_lifespan_years_min": 1, "seed_lifespan_years_max": 2, "direct_sowing_possible": true, "pre_culture_recommended": false }, "spacing": { "plant_spacing_cm_min": 300.0, "plant_spacing_cm_max": 500.0, "row_spacing_cm_min": 400.0, "row_spacing_cm_max": 600.0, "recommended_density_per_sqm_min": 0.04, "recommended_density_per_sqm_max": 0.1, "min_bed_width_cm": 200.0, "square_foot_gardening_spacing": "not_suitable", "spacing_notes": { "de": "Platzbedarf für ausladende Sträucher einplanen; einzelstehend oder als Hecke.", "en": "Plan space for wide-spreading shrubs; specimen or hedge planting." } }, "growth_dimensions": { "height_cm_min": 300.0, "height_cm_max": 600.0, "width_cm_min": 250.0, "width_cm_max": 500.0, "root_depth_cm_min": 50.0, "root_depth_cm_max": 100.0, "root_spread_cm_min": 200.0, "root_spread_cm_max": 400.0, "growth_speed": "medium", "final_size_notes": { "de": "Mehrtriebiger Großstrauch; durch Schnitt kompakt haltbar.", "en": "Multi-stemmed large shrub; can be kept compact through pruning." } }, "temperature": { "min_growing_temp_c": 5.0, "optimal_temp_c_min": 15.0, "optimal_temp_c_max": 25.0, "max_heat_tolerance_c": 35.0, "soil_temp_for_sowing_c_min": 2.0, "soil_temp_for_sowing_c_optimal": 10.0, "frost_sensitive": false, "late_frost_sensitive": true, "heat_tolerance": "medium", "cold_tolerance": "high", "temperature_notes": { "de": "Frosthart, aber Spätfröste können die frühe Blüte und damit den Ertrag schädigen.", "en": "Hardy, but late frosts can damage early blooms and affect yield." } }, "water": { "water_need": "medium", "critical_water_phases": { "de": [ "Blütezeit", "Fruchtentwicklung im Sommer" ], "en": [ "Flowering period", "Fruit development in summer" ] }, "drought_tolerant": true, "drought_sensitivity": "low", "waterlogging_sensitive": true, "mulching_recommended": true, "water_notes": { "de": "Etablierte Pflanzen sind trockenheitsresistent; Staunässe unbedingt vermeiden.", "en": "Established plants are drought-resistant; avoid waterlogging at all costs." } }, "nutrition": { "nutrient_group": "medium_feeder", "heavy_feeder": false, "medium_feeder": true, "light_feeder": false, "nitrogen_need": "medium", "phosphorus_need": "medium", "potassium_need": "medium", "calcium_need": "medium", "magnesium_need": "low", "compost_recommended": true, "mulching_recommended": true, "fertilizer_sensitivity": "low", "nutrition_notes": { "de": "Geringe Ansprüche; eine Gabe Kompost im Frühjahr ist meist ausreichend.", "en": "Low requirements; an application of compost in spring is usually sufficient." } }, "container": { "container_suitable": false, "min_pot_volume_l": 60.0, "recommended_pot_volume_l": 100.0, "min_pot_depth_cm": 50.0, "min_pot_diameter_cm": 50.0, "plants_per_container_min": 1.0, "plants_per_container_max": 1.0, "drainage_required": true, "repotting_needed": true, "container_notes": { "de": "Nur für Zwergformen oder junge Pflanzen bedingt geeignet; Wurzelraum ist limitierend.", "en": "Only conditionally suitable for dwarf varieties or young plants; root space is limiting." } }, "support": { "needs_support": false, "support_recommended": false, "climbing": false, "vining": false, "trellis_recommended": false, "training_required": false, "support_notes": { "de": "Keine Rankhilfe nötig; freistehend stabil.", "en": "No support needed; stable when free-standing." } }, "cultivation_modes": { "outdoor_bed_suitable": true, "raised_bed_suitable": false, "container_suitable": false, "balcony_suitable": false, "greenhouse_suitable": false, "polytunnel_suitable": false, "indoor_suitable": false, "windowsill_suitable": false, "hydroponic_possible": false, "permaculture_suitable": true, "no_dig_suitable": true }, "yield_density": { "yield_per_plant_min": 1.0, "yield_per_plant_max": 4.0, "yield_unit": "kg", "yield_per_sqm_min": 0.1, "yield_per_sqm_max": 0.5, "yield_reliability": "medium", "yield_notes": { "de": "Ertrag schwankt je nach Sorte, Alter und Bestäubungssituation.", "en": "Yield varies by variety, age, and pollination conditions." } } }, "site": { "exposure": { "de": "Sonnig bis halbschattig", "en": "Sunny to semi-shade" }, "wind_protection": { "de": "Mäßig windgeschützt von Vorteil für die Bestäubung.", "en": "Moderate wind protection beneficial for pollination." } }, "soil": { "type": { "de": "Lehmig, humusreich, nährstoffreich", "en": "Loamy, humus-rich, nutrient-rich" }, "ph_range": { "min": 6.0, "max": 7.5 } }, "watering": { "strategy": { "de": "Mäßig feucht halten, besonders während der Fruchtbildung.", "en": "Keep moderately moist, especially during fruit set." } }, "nutrition": { "strategy": { "de": "Frühjährliche Kompostgabe.", "en": "Spring application of compost." } }, "cultivation_planning": { "succession_sowing": { "possible": false }, "bed_planning_notes": { "de": "Zweite Sorte zur besseren Befruchtung in der Nähe pflanzen.", "en": "Plant a second variety nearby for better pollination." }, "rotation_priority": "low", "interplanting_potential": "high_under_canopy", "mechanization_relevance": "low_garden_scale" }, "crop_rotation": { "rotation_priority": "low", "years_before_replanting": 15, "notes": { "de": "Als langlebiges Gehölz nicht Teil einer klassischen Fruchtfolge. Nach Rodung Bodenruhe einhalten oder Boden austauschen (Bodenmüdigkeit).", "en": "As a long-lived woody plant, not part of a classic crop rotation. Observe fallow periods or replace soil after removal to prevent replant disease." } }, "companion_planting": { "approach": "underplanting", "good_neighbors": [ { "slug": "allium-ursinum", "name": { "de": "Bärlauch", "en": "Wild Garlic" }, "reason": { "de": "Nutzt den Halbschatten unter dem Strauch; profitiert von der Laubmulchschicht.", "en": "Utilizes the semi-shade under the shrub; benefits from the leaf mulch layer." }, "relationship_type": "beneficial" }, { "slug": "symphytum-officinale", "name": { "de": "Beinwell", "en": "Comfrey" }, "reason": { "de": "Tiefwurzler, der Nährstoffe erschließt und als Mulchmaterial dient.", "en": "Deep-rooted plant that accesses nutrients and serves as mulch material." }, "relationship_type": "beneficial" } ], "bad_neighbors": [ { "slug": "juglans-regia", "name": { "de": "Walnuss", "en": "Walnut" }, "reason": { "de": "Starke Konkurrenz um Platz; Juglon-Ausscheidungen können das Wachstum hemmen.", "en": "Strong competition for space; juglone secretions can inhibit growth." }, "relationship_type": "competitive" } ], "design_rules": { "de": [ "Unterpflanzung mit Frühjahrsgeophyten (Schneeglöckchen, Krokusse) ideal.", "Ausreichend Abstand zu anderen Starkzehrern halten." ], "en": [ "Underplanting with spring geophytes (snowdrops, crocuses) is ideal.", "Maintain sufficient distance from other heavy feeders." ] }, "notes": { "de": "Haselnüsse sind gute Schattenspender für Waldgarten-Systeme.", "en": "Hazels are excellent shade providers for forest garden systems." } }, "deficiencies": [ { "slug": "magnesium-deficiency", "name": { "de": "Magnesiummangel", "en": "Magnesium Deficiency" }, "symptoms": { "de": "Intervenale Chlorosen (Gelbfärbung zwischen den Blattadern) an älteren Blättern.", "en": "Interveinal chlorosis (yellowing between leaf veins) on older leaves." } } ], "problems": [ { "slug": "poor-pollination", "name": { "de": "Mangelhafte Befruchtung", "en": "Poor Pollination" }, "description": { "de": "Viel Blüte, aber kaum Fruchtansatz durch fehlende Fremdbestäubung oder Frost.", "en": "Plenty of flowers but little fruit set due to lack of cross-pollination or frost." } } ], "problem_management": { "common_pest_groups": { "de": [ "Rüsselkäfer", "Gallmilben", "Blattläuse" ], "en": [ "Weevils", "Gall mites", "Aphids" ] }, "common_disease_groups": { "de": [ "Echter Mehltau", "Blattbräune", "Fruchtfäule" ], "en": [ "Powdery mildew", "Leaf spot", "Fruit rot" ] }, "prevention_principles": { "de": [ "Regelmäßiges Auslichten für gute Durchlüftung.", "Abgefallene, befallene Nüsse konsequent entfernen.", "Förderung von Nützlingen (Vögel, Igel)." ], "en": [ "Regular thinning to ensure good aeration.", "Consistently remove fallen, infested nuts.", "Encourage beneficial organisms (birds, hedgehogs)." ] }, "diagnosis_notes": { "de": "Löcher in Nüssen deuten fast immer auf den Haselnussbohrer hin. Angeschwollene Knospen im Winter auf Gallmilben prüfen.", "en": "Holes in nuts almost always indicate the hazelnut weevil. Check swollen buds in winter for gall mites." } }, "disease_graph": { "scope": "Corylus avellana", "profiles": [ { "slug": "curculio-nucum", "severity": "high", "conditions": { "de": [ "Warme Frühjahrstage während der Eiablage" ], "en": [ "Warm spring days during egg-laying" ] }, "affected_parts": { "de": [ "Früchte", "Kerne" ], "en": [ "Fruits", "Kernels" ] }, "prevention": { "de": [ "Boden unter dem Strauch im Winter lockern", "Hühner unter Sträuchern halten" ], "en": [ "Loosen soil under the shrub in winter", "Keep chickens under shrubs" ] }, "organic_control": { "de": [ "Käfer am frühen Morgen von den Zweigen schütteln und einsammeln" ], "en": [ "Shake beetles off branches early in the morning and collect them" ] } } ], "diagnostic_rules": [ { "symptom": { "de": "Knospen sind im Spätwinter kugelig verdickt", "en": "Buds are ball-shaped and thickened in late winter" }, "possible_causes": [ "phytoptus-avellanae" ], "first_checks": { "de": [ "Knospen aufreißen und auf Milben prüfen", "Betroffene Triebe markieren" ], "en": [ "Break open buds to check for mites", "Mark affected shoots" ] } } ], "prevention_strategy": { "cultural": { "de": [ "Wahl resistenter Sorten", "Schnitt für offene Kronenstruktur" ], "en": [ "Choosing resistant varieties", "Pruning for an open crown structure" ] }, "monitoring": { "de": [ "Klopfprobe im Mai (Haselnussbohrer)", "Knospenkontrolle im Januar/Februar" ], "en": [ "Tap test in May (hazelnut weevil)", "Bud inspection in January/February" ] }, "organic_first_response": { "de": [ "Entfernen befallener Pflanzenteile", "Einsatz von Nematoden bei Bodenlarven" ], "en": [ "Removal of infested plant parts", "Use of nematodes for soil larvae" ] }, "notes": { "de": "Die Haselnuss ist robust, aber Ertragsausfälle durch Schädlinge sind im Hausgarten häufig.", "en": "Hazel is robust, but yield losses due to pests are common in home gardens." } } }, "phenology": { "stages": { "de": [ "Winterruhe", "Kätzchenblüte (männlich)", "Knospenschwellen", "Blattaustrieb", "Fruchtentwicklung", "Nussreife", "Blattfall" ], "en": [ "Dormancy", "Catkin flowering (male)", "Bud swell", "Leaf out", "Fruit development", "Nut ripening", "Leaf fall" ] }, "notes": { "de": "Sehr früher Blüher; die männlichen Kätzchen öffnen sich oft schon im Januar oder Februar.", "en": "Very early bloomer; male catkins often open as early as January or February." } }, "flowering_pollination": { "flowering_period": { "de": "Januar bis März", "en": "January to March" }, "flower_type": { "de": "Einhäusig getrenntgeschlechtlich (monözisch)", "en": "Monoecious (separate male and female flowers on the same plant)" }, "flower_color_male": { "de": "Gelb-braun (Kätzchen)", "en": "Yellow-brown (catkins)" }, "flower_color_female": { "de": "Rot (winzige Narben)", "en": "Red (tiny stigmas)" } }, "pollination": { "summary": { "de": "Windbestäubung; die Bestäubung erfolgt im Spätwinter durch Pollenübertragung via Wind.", "en": "Wind-pollinated; pollination occurs in late winter via wind-borne pollen." }, "pollinator_required": true, "self_fertility": "partially_self_fertile_but_unreliable", "pollinator_notes": { "de": "Obwohl monözisch, ist Fremdbestäubung durch eine andere Sorte für einen guten Ertrag essentiell.", "en": "Although monoecious, cross-pollination by a different variety is essential for a good yield." } }, "harvest": { "harvest_period": { "de": "September bis Oktober", "en": "September to October" }, "yield_type": { "de": "Nüsse", "en": "Nuts" } }, "harvest_details": { "harvest_frequency": { "de": "Mehrmals wöchentlich aufsammeln.", "en": "Collect several times a week." }, "harvest_indicators": { "de": [ "Nüsse färben sich braun", "Nüsse lösen sich leicht aus der Fruchthülle", "Nüsse fallen eigenständig zu Boden" ], "en": [ "Nuts turn brown", "Nuts release easily from the husk", "Nuts fall to the ground naturally" ] }, "post_harvest_handling": { "de": "Nüsse an einem luftigen, schattigen Ort trocknen, bis die Kerne klappern.", "en": "Dry nuts in a well-ventilated, shaded spot until the kernels rattle." } }, "storage": { "storage_temperature_c": 10.0, "storage_humidity": "low", "suitable_storage_containers": { "de": [ "Jutebeutel", "Netze", "Holzkisten" ], "en": [ "Burlap sacks", "Net bags", "Wooden crates" ] } }, "storage_details": { "general_storage_category": { "de": "Trockenlagerung", "en": "Dry storage" }, "storage_life": { "de": "In der Schale ca. 12 Monate; geknackt deutlich kürzer.", "en": "Approx. 12 months in shell; significantly shorter when shelled." }, "processing_options": { "de": [ "Trocknen", "Rösten", "Mahlen", "Pressen (Haselnussöl)" ], "en": [ "Drying", "Roasting", "Grinding", "Pressing (hazelnut oil)" ] } }, "processing_use": { "industrial_relevance": { "de": "Hoch (Süßwarenindustrie)", "en": "High (confectionery industry)" }, "byproducts": { "de": [ "Nussschalen (Brennmaterial/Mulch)", "Haselruten (Flechtwerk)" ], "en": [ "Nut shells (fuel/mulch)", "Hazel rods (weaving/wattling)" ] } }, "kitchen_usage": { "culinary_profile": { "de": "Nussig, mild, leicht süßlich.", "en": "Nutty, mild, slightly sweet." }, "common_dishes": { "de": [ "Müsli", "Kuchen", "Plätzchen", "Nougat", "Pesto" ], "en": [ "Muesli", "Cakes", "Cookies", "Nougat", "Pesto" ] } }, "safety_and_edibility": { "edible_parts": { "de": [ "Samen (Nusskern)" ], "en": [ "Seeds (nut kernel)" ] }, "inedible_or_caution_parts": { "de": [ "Nussschale", "Fruchthülle" ], "en": [ "Nut shell", "Involucre (husk)" ] }, "toxicity_notes": { "de": "Ungiftig, aber hohes Allergenpotenzial für Allergiker.", "en": "Non-toxic, but high allergenic potential for allergy sufferers." }, "raw_consumption": { "de": "Sehr gut geeignet; klassische Snack-Nuss.", "en": "Highly suitable; classic snack nut." } }, "seed_saving": { "difficulty": { "de": "Mittel", "en": "Medium" }, "method": { "de": "Aussaat vollreifer, ungetrockneter Nüsse im Herbst.", "en": "Sowing of fully ripe, undried nuts in autumn." } }, "seed_saving_advanced": { "stratification_required": true, "stratification_details": { "de": "Kaltstratifizierung über 3-5 Monate bei 1-5°C notwendig.", "en": "Cold stratification for 3-5 months at 1-5°C necessary." }, "isolation_distance_m": 500.0, "varietal_purity_notes": { "de": "Haselnüsse kreuzen sich leicht; Sämlinge entsprechen oft nicht der Muttersorte.", "en": "Hazels cross-pollinate easily; seedlings often do not come true to the parent variety." } }, "varieties": [ { "slug": "halle-sche-riese", "name": "Halle'sche Riese", "description": { "de": "Große, kegelförmige Nüsse; sehr ertragreich und robust; guter Befruchter.", "en": "Large, conical nuts; high-yielding and robust; excellent pollinator." }, "characteristics": { "de": [ "Großfrüchtig", "Wuchsstark" ], "en": [ "Large-fruited", "Vigorous growth" ] } }, { "slug": "webbs-preisnuss", "name": "Webb's Preisnuss", "description": { "de": "Längliche, große Früchte mit hervorragendem Aroma; schwächerer Wuchs.", "en": "Elongated, large fruits with excellent flavor; moderate growth vigor." }, "characteristics": { "de": [ "Aromatisch", "Dünnschalig" ], "en": [ "Aromatic", "Thin-shelled" ] } }, { "slug": "contorta", "name": "Contorta", "description": { "de": "Korkenzieher-Hasel; stark gedrehte Zweige; hauptsächlich Zierwert, kleine Nüsse.", "en": "Corkscrew hazel; strongly twisted branches; mainly ornamental, small nuts." }, "characteristics": { "de": [ "Ziergehölz", "Langsamwüchsig" ], "en": [ "Ornamental", "Slow-growing" ] } } ], "woody_crop_details": { "training_systems_to_research": [ "multi-stemmed shrub", "single-stem standard", "hedgerow training" ], "rootstock_relevance": "low", "renewal_pruning_relevance": "high", "notes": { "de": "Haselnüsse werden meist wurzelecht als Strauch gezogen; Veredelung auf Baumhasel (Corylus colurna) für Stammformen möglich.", "en": "Hazels are usually grown on their own roots as shrubs; grafting onto Turkish hazel (Corylus colurna) is possible for standard tree forms." } }, "pruning_logic": { "scope": "Corylus avellana", "system": "renewal_pruning", "remove": { "de": [ "Triebe, die älter als 6-8 Jahre sind", "Wurzelschosser (Wildtriebe)", "Nach innen wachsende Zweige", "Totholz und kranke Triebe" ], "en": [ "Shoots older than 6-8 years", "Root suckers", "Inward-growing branches", "Deadwood and diseased shoots" ] }, "preserve": { "de": [ "Junge, vitale Bodentriebe (Ersatztriebe)", "Zweige mit vielen Blütenknospen", "Ausgewogene Gerüststruktur" ], "en": [ "Young, vital basal shoots (replacement shoots)", "Branches with abundant flower buds", "Balanced framework structure" ] }, "avoid": { "de": [ "Radikaler Kahlschlag (führt zu massivem Schosserwachstum)", "Schnitt während der Hauptsaftzeit im Frühling", "Vernachlässigung des Basisschnitts" ], "en": [ "Radical clear-cutting (causes massive sucker growth)", "Pruning during peak sap flow in spring", "Neglecting basal cuts" ] }, "timing_rules": [ { "season": "winter", "months": [ 1, 2 ], "purpose": { "de": "Hauptrückschnitt und Verjüngung", "en": "Main pruning and rejuvenation" }, "notes": { "de": "Vor dem Anschwellen der Knospen an frostfreien Tagen.", "en": "Before bud swell on frost-free days." } }, { "season": "summer", "months": [ 6, 7 ], "purpose": { "de": "Entfernen von Wurzelschossern", "en": "Removal of root suckers" }, "notes": { "de": "Überschüssige Schosser ausreißen oder bodennah abschneiden.", "en": "Tear out or cut excess suckers close to the ground." } } ], "cut_location_rules": { "de": [ "Alte Triebe direkt über dem Boden oder auf einen jungen Seitentrieb absetzen.", "Keine Stummel ('Kleiderhaken') stehen lassen." ], "en": [ "Cut old stems directly at ground level or back to a young side shoot.", "Do not leave stubs ('coat hangers')." ] }, "intensity_rules": { "light": { "de": "Jährliches Auslichten von 1-2 alten Trieben.", "en": "Annual thinning of 1-2 old stems." }, "heavy": { "de": "Verjüngungskur durch Rückschnitt aller Triebe auf 40cm (nur bei vergreisten Sträuchern).", "en": "Rejuvenation by cutting all stems back to 40cm (only for overaged shrubs)." } }, "tool_hygiene": { "de": "Scharfe Astschere und ggf. Handsäge verwenden; Werkzeug nach Gebrauch reinigen.", "en": "Use sharp loppers and a hand saw if necessary; clean tools after use." }, "diagram_requirements": { "de": [ "Darstellung der 'Auslichtung' (alt vs. neu)", "Detailzeichnung eines Kätzchens vs. weiblicher Blüte" ], "en": [ "Illustration of 'thinning out' (old vs. new)", "Detailed drawing of catkin vs. female flower" ] }, "notes": { "de": "Regelmäßiger Schnitt sichert die Vitalität und die Belichtung der fruchttragenden Zweige.", "en": "Regular pruning ensures vitality and light penetration for fruit-bearing branches." } }, "pruning_training": { "training_system": "shrub", "steps": { "de": [ "In den ersten Jahren 5-8 Haupttriebe auswählen.", "Seitentriebe zur Förderung der Verzweigung einkürzen.", "Regelmäßig alte Triebe an der Basis entfernen." ], "en": [ "Select 5-8 main stems during the first few years.", "Shorten side shoots to encourage branching.", "Regularly remove old stems at the base." ] } }, "ecology": { "pollinator_value": "high", "wildlife_value": "exceptional", "biodiversity_notes": { "de": "Wichtige Pollenquelle für frühe Wildbienen. Lebensraum für über 70 Insektenarten und wichtige Nahrungsquelle für Eichhörnchen und Siebenschläfer.", "en": "Crucial pollen source for early wild bees. Habitat for over 70 insect species and a vital food source for squirrels and dormice." } }, "practical_notes": [ { "topic": "pollination", "note": { "de": "Pflanzen Sie für einen sicheren Ertrag immer zwei verschiedene Sorten in Sichtweite.", "en": "Always plant two different varieties within sight for a reliable harvest." } }, { "topic": "pests", "note": { "de": "Das frühmorgendliche Abklopfen der Sträucher im Mai hilft gegen den Haselnussbohrer.", "en": "Tapping the shrubs early in the morning during May helps control the hazelnut weevil." } } ], "seasonal_content": { "winter": { "de": "Hauptzeit für den Rückschnitt.", "en": "Main time for pruning." }, "spring": { "de": "Beobachtung der frühen Bestäuber.", "en": "Observation of early pollinators." }, "summer": { "de": "Wässern bei extremer Hitze.", "en": "Watering during extreme heat." }, "autumn": { "de": "Haupternte und Verarbeitung.", "en": "Main harvest and processing." } }, "slug": "haselnuss", "sources": [ { "title": "Wikidata entity", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124969", "publisher": "Wikidata", "date_accessed": "2026-05-13" }, { "title": "GBIF species match", "url": "https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/match?name=Corylus%20avellana&kingdom=Plantae", "publisher": "GBIF", "date_accessed": "2026-05-13" }, { "title": "Deutschsprachige Wikipedia: Gemeine Hasel", "url": "https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeine_Hasel", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "date_accessed": "2026-05-13" }, { "title": "English Wikipedia: Corylus avellana", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corylus_avellana", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "date_accessed": "2026-05-13" } ] }