{
  "names": {
    "common": {
      "de": "Blattsenf",
      "en": "leaf mustard"
    },
    "plural": {
      "de": "Blattsenf",
      "en": "leaf mustards"
    },
    "botanical": "Brassica juncea",
    "synonyms": {
      "de": [
        "Brauner Senf",
        "Indischer Senf",
        "Sareptasenf"
      ],
      "en": [
        "mustard greens",
        "brown mustard",
        "Chinese mustard",
        "Indian mustard"
      ]
    },
    "common_synonyms": {
      "de": [
        "Brauner Senf",
        "Indischer Senf",
        "Sareptasenf"
      ],
      "en": [
        "mustard greens",
        "brown mustard",
        "Chinese mustard",
        "Indian mustard"
      ]
    },
    "search_terms": {
      "de": [
        "Blattsenf"
      ],
      "en": [
        "leaf mustard",
        "mustard greens"
      ]
    }
  },
  "taxonomy": {
    "kingdom": "Plantae",
    "clades": [
      "Tracheophyta",
      "Angiosperms",
      "Eudicots",
      "Rosids"
    ],
    "order": "Brassicales",
    "family_botanical": "Brassicaceae",
    "family": {
      "de": "Kreuzblütler",
      "en": "Mustard family"
    },
    "family_id": "brassicaceae",
    "genus": "Brassica",
    "species": "Brassica juncea"
  },
  "classification": {
    "perennial": false,
    "woody": false,
    "tree": false,
    "shrub": false
  },
  "calendar": {
    "sowing_indoor": {
      "months": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "earliest_month": 2,
      "latest_month": 3,
      "notes": {
        "de": "Für frühe Sätze geschützt vorziehen.",
        "en": "Start under cover for early crops."
      }
    },
    "sowing_outdoor": {
      "months": [
        3,
        4,
        8,
        9
      ],
      "earliest_month": 3,
      "latest_month": 9,
      "notes": {
        "de": "Direktsaat im Frühjahr und Spätsommer.",
        "en": "Direct sow in spring and late summer."
      }
    },
    "planting_out": {
      "months": [
        4,
        5,
        9
      ],
      "earliest_month": 4,
      "latest_month": 9,
      "notes": {
        "de": "Jungpflanzen nicht zu tief setzen und gut angießen.",
        "en": "Set transplants not too deep and water in well."
      }
    },
    "harvest": {
      "months": [
        5,
        6,
        9,
        10,
        11
      ],
      "earliest_month": 5,
      "latest_month": 11,
      "notes": {
        "de": "Junge Blätter laufend schneiden.",
        "en": "Cut young leaves continuously."
      }
    }
  },
  "cultivation_specs": {
    "seed": {
      "seed_depth_cm_min": 0,
      "seed_depth_cm_max": 0,
      "light_germinator": false,
      "dark_germinator": false,
      "cold_germinator": false,
      "stratification_needed": false,
      "pre_soaking_recommended": false,
      "direct_sowing_possible": false,
      "pre_culture_recommended": false
    },
    "temperature": {
      "frost_sensitive": false,
      "late_frost_sensitive": false
    },
    "water": {
      "drought_tolerant": false,
      "waterlogging_sensitive": false,
      "mulching_recommended": false
    },
    "nutrition": {
      "heavy_feeder": false,
      "medium_feeder": false,
      "light_feeder": false,
      "compost_recommended": false,
      "mulching_recommended": false
    }
  },
  "site": {
    "sun": {
      "de": "Sonne bis Halbschatten",
      "en": "sun to partial shade"
    },
    "shelter": {
      "de": "geschützt nach Bedarf",
      "en": "shelter as needed"
    },
    "notes": {
      "de": "Kühle Bedingungen ergeben milderes Blatt.",
      "en": "Cool conditions produce milder leaves."
    }
  },
  "soil": {
    "texture": {
      "de": "locker, humos, gleichmäßig feucht",
      "en": "loose, humus-rich, evenly moist"
    },
    "ph_range": {
      "min": 6.0,
      "max": 7.5
    },
    "notes": {
      "de": "Gute Stickstoffversorgung fördert zügiges Blattwachstum.",
      "en": "Good nitrogen supply supports quick leaf growth."
    }
  },
  "watering": {
    "frequency": {
      "de": "gleichmäßig",
      "en": "evenly"
    },
    "method": {
      "de": "am Wurzelbereich",
      "en": "at the root zone"
    },
    "notes": {
      "de": "Trockenstress fördert Schärfe und Schossen.",
      "en": "Drought stress increases pungency and bolting."
    }
  },
  "nutrition": {
    "fertilizer_type": {
      "de": "Kompost plus milde Nachdüngung",
      "en": "compost plus light follow-up feeding"
    },
    "frequency": {
      "de": "nach Bedarf",
      "en": "as needed"
    },
    "notes": {
      "de": "Als Blattgemüse mäßig bis gut versorgen.",
      "en": "Feed moderately to well as a leafy crop."
    }
  },
  "cultivation_planning": {
    "succession_sowing": {
      "possible": true,
      "interval_days_min": 14,
      "interval_days_max": 28
    },
    "bed_planning_notes": {
      "de": "Satzweise anbauen und bei Hitze pausieren.",
      "en": "Grow in successions and pause during heat."
    },
    "rotation_priority": "high",
    "interplanting_potential": "medium",
    "mechanization_relevance": "low"
  },
  "companion_planting": {
    "approach": "general_gardening",
    "good_neighbors": [
      {
        "slug": "lettuce",
        "name": {
          "de": "Salat",
          "en": "lettuce"
        },
        "reason": {
          "de": "Kombination ist für Beetgestaltung und Nützlingsförderung plausibel.",
          "en": "Combination is plausible for bed design and beneficial insects."
        },
        "relationship_type": "good_neighbor"
      },
      {
        "slug": "onion",
        "name": {
          "de": "Zwiebel",
          "en": "onion"
        },
        "reason": {
          "de": "Kombination ist für Beetgestaltung und Nützlingsförderung plausibel.",
          "en": "Combination is plausible for bed design and beneficial insects."
        },
        "relationship_type": "good_neighbor"
      },
      {
        "slug": "dill",
        "name": {
          "de": "Dill",
          "en": "dill"
        },
        "reason": {
          "de": "Kombination ist für Beetgestaltung und Nützlingsförderung plausibel.",
          "en": "Combination is plausible for bed design and beneficial insects."
        },
        "relationship_type": "good_neighbor"
      }
    ],
    "bad_neighbors": [
      {
        "slug": "other-brassicas-in-tight-rotation",
        "name": {
          "de": "andere Kohlgewächse in enger Fruchtfolge",
          "en": "other brassicas in tight rotation"
        },
        "reason": {
          "de": "Passt wegen Standort, Fruchtfolge oder Konkurrenz weniger gut.",
          "en": "Less suitable because of site, rotation, or competition."
        },
        "relationship_type": "avoid"
      }
    ],
    "design_rules": {
      "de": [
        "Mischkultur ersetzt keine passende Fruchtfolge und Pflege."
      ],
      "en": [
        "Companion planting does not replace suitable rotation and care."
      ]
    },
    "notes": {
      "de": "Empfehlungen sind für Hausgärten gedacht.",
      "en": "Recommendations are intended for home gardens."
    }
  },
  "problems": {
    "common": {
      "de": [
        "Schossen",
        "scharfe alte Blätter",
        "Lochfraß"
      ],
      "en": [
        "bolting",
        "pungent old leaves",
        "shot holes"
      ]
    },
    "diagnosis": {
      "de": "Wasser, Standort, Nährstoffversorgung und Schädlingsdruck zuerst prüfen.",
      "en": "Check water, site, nutrition, and pest pressure first."
    }
  },
  "problem_management": {
    "common_pest_groups": {
      "de": [
        "Erdflöhe",
        "Raupen",
        "Blattläuse"
      ],
      "en": [
        "flea beetles",
        "caterpillars",
        "aphids"
      ]
    },
    "common_disease_groups": {
      "de": [
        "Falscher Mehltau",
        "Kohlhernie"
      ],
      "en": [
        "downy mildew",
        "clubroot"
      ]
    },
    "prevention_principles": {
      "de": [
        "Standort passend wählen",
        "Bestände luftig halten",
        "Fruchtfolge und Hygiene beachten",
        "Pflanzen regelmäßig kontrollieren"
      ],
      "en": [
        "choose a suitable site",
        "keep growth airy",
        "use rotation and hygiene",
        "inspect plants regularly"
      ]
    },
    "diagnosis_notes": {
      "de": "Symptome immer zusammen mit Standort, Wetter und Kulturphase bewerten.",
      "en": "Assess symptoms together with site, weather, and growth stage."
    }
  },
  "disease_graph": {
    "scope": "general_crop_health",
    "profiles": [
      {
        "slug": "downy-mildew",
        "name": {
          "de": "Falscher Mehltau",
          "en": "downy mildew"
        },
        "severity": "medium",
        "conditions": {
          "de": [
            "feuchte Bestände",
            "Stress durch Standort oder Witterung"
          ],
          "en": [
            "humid canopy",
            "site or weather stress"
          ]
        },
        "prevention": {
          "de": [
            "luftig pflanzen",
            "kranke Pflanzenteile entfernen"
          ],
          "en": [
            "space plants for airflow",
            "remove diseased plant material"
          ]
        }
      },
      {
        "slug": "clubroot",
        "name": {
          "de": "Kohlhernie",
          "en": "clubroot"
        },
        "severity": "medium",
        "conditions": {
          "de": [
            "feuchte Bestände",
            "Stress durch Standort oder Witterung"
          ],
          "en": [
            "humid canopy",
            "site or weather stress"
          ]
        },
        "prevention": {
          "de": [
            "luftig pflanzen",
            "kranke Pflanzenteile entfernen"
          ],
          "en": [
            "space plants for airflow",
            "remove diseased plant material"
          ]
        }
      }
    ]
  },
  "harvest": {
    "timing": {
      "de": "als Baby Leaf früh, sonst blattweise",
      "en": "early as baby leaf, otherwise leaf by leaf"
    },
    "harvest_indicators": {
      "de": [
        "junge, zarte Blätter"
      ],
      "en": [
        "young, tender leaves"
      ]
    },
    "method": {
      "de": "schonend und sauber ernten",
      "en": "harvest gently and cleanly"
    }
  },
  "storage": {
    "storage_life": {
      "de": "1-3 Tage gekühlt",
      "en": "1-3 days refrigerated"
    },
    "conditions": {
      "de": "kühl, sauber und je nach Kultur trocken oder leicht feucht",
      "en": "cool, clean, and dry or slightly humid depending on crop"
    },
    "processing_options": {
      "de": [
        "frisch verwenden",
        "kurz dünsten",
        "fermentieren"
      ],
      "en": [
        "use fresh",
        "lightly cook",
        "ferment"
      ]
    }
  },
  "kitchen_usage": {
    "primary_uses": {
      "de": [
        "Salat",
        "Wokgemüse",
        "Suppe",
        "Fermentation"
      ],
      "en": [
        "salads",
        "stir-fries",
        "soups",
        "fermentation"
      ]
    },
    "flavor_profile": {
      "de": "senfig-scharf",
      "en": "mustardy and pungent"
    },
    "preparation_notes": {
      "de": "Vor der Verwendung gründlich waschen und nur einwandfreie Pflanzenteile nutzen.",
      "en": "Wash thoroughly before use and use only sound plant parts."
    }
  },
  "safety_and_edibility": {
    "edible_parts": {
      "de": [
        "Blätter",
        "junge Stiele"
      ],
      "en": [
        "leaves",
        "young stems"
      ]
    },
    "inedible_or_caution_parts": {
      "de": [
        "bei Schilddrüsenproblemen Kohlgewächse nicht einseitig in großen Rohmengen essen"
      ],
      "en": [
        "with thyroid concerns, avoid very large one-sided raw brassica intake"
      ]
    },
    "toxicity_notes": {
      "de": "Bei Unsicherheit nicht verzehren; keine Heilversprechen ableiten.",
      "en": "Do not consume if identification is uncertain; do not infer medicinal claims."
    },
    "raw_consumption": {
      "de": "Jung roh üblich, ältere Blätter besser garen.",
      "en": "Young leaves are commonly raw; older leaves are better cooked."
    }
  },
  "animal_safety": {
    "schema_version": "1.0",
    "last_reviewed": "2026-06-01",
    "summary": {
      "de": "Die Datenlage ist je nach Tierart unterschiedlich; unbekannte Einträge sollten vor Fütterung oder freiem Zugang fachlich geprüft werden.",
      "en": "Evidence varies by animal; unknown entries should be reviewed before feeding or allowing access."
    },
    "overall": {
      "highest_status": "unknown",
      "emergency_level": "unknown",
      "has_part_specific_risk": true,
      "has_unknowns": true,
      "human_review_recommended": true,
      "safe_animals": [
        "dog",
        "rabbit",
        "guinea_pig",
        "hamster",
        "chicken",
        "duck",
        "goose",
        "sheep",
        "goat",
        "cattle",
        "pig"
      ],
      "unknown_animals": [
        "cat",
        "budgie",
        "horse"
      ]
    },
    "animals": [
      {
        "key": "dog",
        "label": {
          "de": "Hund",
          "en": "Dog"
        },
        "status": "safe_in_moderation",
        "risk_certainty": "low",
        "access_recommendation": "safe_in_moderation",
        "feed_suitability": "suitable_in_moderation",
        "emergency_level": "observe",
        "safe_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Blätter",
            "junge Stiele"
          ],
          "en": [
            "leaves",
            "young stems"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Glucosinolate (Senfölglykoside)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "glucosinolates (mustard oil glycosides)"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Magen-Darm-Beschwerden (Erbrechen, Durchfall)",
            "bei sehr großen Mengen: Schilddrüsenprobleme"
          ],
          "en": [
            "gastrointestinal upset (vomiting, diarrhea)",
            "in very large quantities: thyroid issues"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Verzehr großer Mengen roher Pflanzenteile",
            "Schilddrüsenerkrankungen beim Tier"
          ],
          "en": [
            "consumption of large quantities of raw plant parts",
            "pre-existing thyroid conditions in the animal"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Blattsenf ist für Hunde im Allgemeinen sicher, wenn er in Maßen gefüttert wird. Große Mengen, insbesondere roh, können Magen-Darm-Beschwerden verursachen. Personen mit Schilddrüsenproblemen sollten den Verzehr von Kohlarten einschränken.",
          "en": "Leaf mustard is generally safe for dogs when fed in moderation. Large quantities, especially raw, can cause gastrointestinal upset. Individuals with thyroid issues should limit brassica intake."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "low",
          "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": true,
          "source_count": 2
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "cat",
        "label": {
          "de": "Katze",
          "en": "Cat"
        },
        "status": "unknown",
        "risk_certainty": "unknown",
        "access_recommendation": "unknown",
        "feed_suitability": "unknown",
        "emergency_level": "unknown",
        "note": {
          "de": "Da keine spezifischen toxischen Verbindungen oder Teile identifiziert wurden und die Einstufung auf allgemeinen Pflanzenverzehr zurückzuführen ist, wird der Status als \"unbekannt\" eingestuft, mit einer Beobachtungsempfehlung bei Symptomen.",
          "en": "As no specific toxic compounds or parts were identified and the classification is based on general plant consumption, the status is marked as \"unknown\" with a recommendation to observe for symptoms."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "insufficient",
          "source_basis": "expert_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": true,
          "source_count": 1
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "rabbit",
        "label": {
          "de": "Kaninchen",
          "en": "Rabbit"
        },
        "status": "safe_in_moderation",
        "risk_certainty": "low",
        "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts",
        "feed_suitability": "suitable_in_moderation",
        "emergency_level": "observe",
        "safe_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Blätter (in Maßen)",
            "junge Stiele (in Maßen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "leaves (in moderation)",
            "young stems (in moderation)"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Samen",
            "größere Mengen roher, älterer Blätter"
          ],
          "en": [
            "seeds",
            "large quantities of raw, older leaves"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Glucosinolate",
            "Senföle",
            "Thiozyanate"
          ],
          "en": [
            "glucosinolates",
            "isothiocyanates",
            "thiocyanates"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Magen-Darm-Beschwerden (Blähungen, Durchfall)",
            "bei sehr großen Mengen: Schilddrüsenprobleme (durch Glucosinolate)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "gastrointestinal upset (bloating, diarrhea)",
            "in very large quantities: thyroid issues (due to glucosinolates)"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Übermäßiger Verzehr",
            "Verzehr von Samen",
            "Verzehr großer Mengen roher, älterer Blätter",
            "Vorerkrankungen der Schilddrüse"
          ],
          "en": [
            "excessive consumption",
            "consumption of seeds",
            "consumption of large quantities of raw, older leaves",
            "pre-existing thyroid conditions"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Blattsenf ist für Kaninchen in Maßen als Ergänzungsfutter geeignet. Große Mengen, insbesondere roher, älterer Blätter oder Samen, können Magen-Darm-Probleme verursachen. Die enthaltenen Glucosinolate können bei chronisch übermäßigem Verzehr die Schilddrüsenfunktion beeinträchtigen. Die Identifizierung der Pflanze ist wichtig, da einige Senfarten reizender sein können.",
          "en": "Leaf mustard is suitable as a supplemental feed for rabbits in moderation. Large quantities, especially of raw, older leaves or seeds, can cause gastrointestinal issues. The glucosinolates present can affect thyroid function with chronic excessive intake. Plant identification is important as some mustard species can be more irritating."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "low",
          "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": true,
          "source_count": 2
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "guinea_pig",
        "label": {
          "de": "Meerschweinchen",
          "en": "Guinea pig"
        },
        "status": "safe_in_moderation",
        "risk_certainty": "low",
        "access_recommendation": "safe_in_moderation",
        "feed_suitability": "suitable_in_moderation",
        "emergency_level": "observe",
        "safe_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Blätter",
            "junge Stiele"
          ],
          "en": [
            "leaves",
            "young stems"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Glucosinolate (Senföle)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "glucosinolates (mustard oils)"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Magen-Darm-Beschwerden bei übermäßigem Verzehr",
            "können bei Schilddrüsenproblemen problematisch sein"
          ],
          "en": [
            "gastrointestinal upset with excessive consumption",
            "can be problematic with thyroid issues"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Übermäßiger Verzehr",
            "Vorerkrankungen der Schilddrüse"
          ],
          "en": [
            "excessive consumption",
            "pre-existing thyroid conditions"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Blattsenf ist für Meerschweinchen im Allgemeinen sicher, wenn er in Maßen gefüttert wird. Wie andere Kohlgewächse kann er bei übermäßigem Verzehr Magen-Darm-Beschwerden verursachen. Meerschweinchen mit Schilddrüsenproblemen sollten Kohlgewächse nur in Maßen erhalten, da diese die Schilddrüsenfunktion beeinträchtigen können.",
          "en": "Leaf mustard is generally safe for guinea pigs when fed in moderation. Like other brassicas, it can cause gastrointestinal upset if consumed in excess. Guinea pigs with thyroid issues should receive brassicas in moderation, as they can interfere with thyroid function."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "low",
          "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": true,
          "source_count": 2
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "hamster",
        "label": {
          "de": "Hamster",
          "en": "Hamster"
        },
        "status": "safe_in_moderation",
        "risk_certainty": "low",
        "access_recommendation": "safe_in_moderation",
        "feed_suitability": "suitable_in_moderation",
        "emergency_level": "observe",
        "safe_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Blätter (in kleinen Mengen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "leaves (in small amounts)"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Glucosinolate",
            "Senföle"
          ],
          "en": [
            "glucosinolates",
            "isothiocyanates"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Magen-Darm-Beschwerden (bei übermäßigem Verzehr)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "gastrointestinal upset (with excessive consumption)"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Übermäßiger Verzehr",
            "Schilddrüsenprobleme (bei chronischem, einseitigem Verzehr von Kohlgewächsen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Excessive consumption",
            "Thyroid issues (with chronic, one-sided intake of brassicas)"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Blattsenf gehört zu den Kreuzblütlern und enthält Glucosinolate, die in Senföle umgewandelt werden können. Diese können bei übermäßigem Verzehr Magen-Darm-Beschwerden verursachen. In kleinen Mengen als gelegentlicher Leckerbissen für Hamster geeignet. Bei chronischem, einseitigem Verzehr von Kohlgewächsen können Schilddrüsenprobleme auftreten.",
          "en": "Leaf mustard belongs to the brassica family and contains glucosinolates, which can be converted into isothiocyanates. These can cause gastrointestinal upset if consumed in excess. Suitable in small amounts as an occasional treat for hamsters. Chronic, one-sided intake of brassicas can lead to thyroid issues."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "low",
          "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": false,
          "source_count": 0
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "budgie",
        "label": {
          "de": "Wellensittich",
          "en": "Budgie"
        },
        "status": "unknown",
        "risk_certainty": "unknown",
        "access_recommendation": "unknown",
        "feed_suitability": "unknown",
        "emergency_level": "unknown",
        "note": {
          "de": "Keine spezifischen Informationen für Budgies verfügbar. Senfgrün ist für einige Tiere bei übermäßigem Verzehr oder bei Schilddrüsenproblemen problematisch. Ohne artspezifische Daten ist eine Einstufung nicht möglich.",
          "en": "No specific information available for budgies. Leaf mustard can be problematic for some animals with excessive consumption or thyroid issues. Classification is not possible without species-specific data."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "insufficient",
          "source_basis": "unknown",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": false,
          "source_count": 0
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "horse",
        "label": {
          "de": "Pferd",
          "en": "Horse"
        },
        "status": "unknown",
        "risk_certainty": "unknown",
        "access_recommendation": "unknown",
        "feed_suitability": "unknown",
        "emergency_level": "unknown",
        "note": {
          "de": "Keine belastbare artspezifische Einstufung vorhanden. Senf (Brassica juncea) kann bei Pferden Magen-Darm-Beschwerden verursachen, insbesondere wenn große Mengen gefressen werden. Die Toxizität ist jedoch gering und die Symptome sind in der Regel mild. Es gibt keine spezifischen toxischen Verbindungen, die für Pferde als hochgefährlich gelten, aber die Senfölglykoside können reizend wirken.",
          "en": "No reliable species-specific assessment is available. Mustard (Brassica juncea) can cause gastrointestinal upset in horses, especially if large quantities are consumed. However, the toxicity is generally considered low and symptoms are typically mild. There are no specific toxic compounds identified as highly dangerous to horses, but the glucosinolates can be irritating."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "insufficient",
          "source_basis": "expert_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": true,
          "source_count": 1
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "chicken",
        "label": {
          "de": "Huhn",
          "en": "Chicken"
        },
        "status": "safe_in_moderation",
        "risk_certainty": "low",
        "access_recommendation": "safe_in_moderation",
        "feed_suitability": "suitable_in_moderation",
        "emergency_level": "observe",
        "safe_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Blätter",
            "junge Stiele"
          ],
          "en": [
            "leaves",
            "young stems"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Glucosinolate",
            "Senföle"
          ],
          "en": [
            "glucosinolates",
            "isothiocyanates"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Magen-Darm-Beschwerden bei übermäßigem Verzehr",
            "Schilddrüsenprobleme bei einseitiger Fütterung großer Mengen"
          ],
          "en": [
            "gastrointestinal upset with excessive consumption",
            "thyroid issues with one-sided feeding of large quantities"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Übermäßiger Verzehr",
            "Einseitige Fütterung",
            "Fütterung großer Mengen roher Kohlpflanzen"
          ],
          "en": [
            "excessive consumption",
            "one-sided feeding",
            "feeding large quantities of raw brassicas"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Blattsenf ist für Hühner im Allgemeinen sicher, wenn er in Maßen gefüttert wird. Große Mengen, insbesondere roh, können aufgrund von Glucosinolaten und Senfölen Magen-Darm-Beschwerden oder Schilddrüsenprobleme verursachen. Ältere Blätter sollten besser gekocht werden. Die Identifizierung der Pflanze sollte sicher sein.",
          "en": "Leaf mustard is generally safe for chickens when fed in moderation. Large quantities, especially raw, can cause gastrointestinal upset or thyroid issues due to glucosinolates and isothiocyanates. Older leaves are better cooked. Plant identification should be certain."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "low",
          "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": false,
          "source_count": 1
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "duck",
        "label": {
          "de": "Ente",
          "en": "Duck"
        },
        "status": "safe_in_moderation",
        "risk_certainty": "low",
        "access_recommendation": "safe_in_moderation",
        "feed_suitability": "suitable_in_moderation",
        "emergency_level": "observe",
        "safe_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Blätter",
            "junge Stiele"
          ],
          "en": [
            "leaves",
            "young stems"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Glucosinolate",
            "Senföle"
          ],
          "en": [
            "glucosinolates",
            "isothiocyanates"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Magen-Darm-Beschwerden",
            "Schilddrüsenprobleme (bei chronischer Überfütterung großer Mengen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "gastrointestinal upset",
            "thyroid issues (with chronic overconsumption of large quantities)"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Übermäßiger Verzehr",
            "Rohe, ältere Blätter",
            "Schilddrüsenerkrankungen beim Tier"
          ],
          "en": [
            "excessive consumption",
            "raw, older leaves",
            "pre-existing thyroid conditions in the animal"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Blattsenf ist für Enten im Allgemeinen sicher, wenn er in Maßen gefüttert wird. Große Mengen, insbesondere von älteren Blättern, können aufgrund von Glucosinolaten und Senfölen Magen-Darm-Beschwerden verursachen. Bei chronischer Überfütterung großer Mengen können Schilddrüsenprobleme auftreten. Junge Blätter und Stiele sind am besten geeignet.",
          "en": "Leaf mustard is generally safe for ducks when fed in moderation. Large quantities, especially of older leaves, can cause gastrointestinal upset due to glucosinolates and isothiocyanates. Chronic overconsumption of large amounts may lead to thyroid issues. Young leaves and stems are most suitable."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "low",
          "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": false,
          "source_count": 2
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "goose",
        "label": {
          "de": "Gans",
          "en": "Goose"
        },
        "status": "safe_in_moderation",
        "risk_certainty": "low",
        "access_recommendation": "safe_in_moderation",
        "feed_suitability": "suitable_in_moderation",
        "emergency_level": "observe",
        "safe_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Blätter",
            "junge Stiele"
          ],
          "en": [
            "leaves",
            "young stems"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Glucosinolate",
            "Senföle"
          ],
          "en": [
            "glucosinolates",
            "mustard oils"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Magen-Darm-Beschwerden bei übermäßigem Verzehr",
            "Schilddrüsenprobleme bei chronisch einseitiger Rohfütterung"
          ],
          "en": [
            "gastrointestinal upset with excessive consumption",
            "thyroid issues with chronic one-sided raw feeding"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Übermäßiger Verzehr",
            "Einseitige Rohfütterung großer Mengen",
            "Verzehr älterer oder verholzter Pflanzenteile"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Excessive consumption",
            "One-sided raw feeding of large quantities",
            "Consumption of older or woody plant parts"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Blattsenf ist für Gänse im Allgemeinen sicher, wenn er in Maßen gefüttert wird. Große Mengen oder eine einseitige Ernährung können zu Magen-Darm-Problemen führen. Ältere Pflanzen können reizender sein. Die enthaltenen Glucosinolate können bei chronischer Überfütterung von Rohkost Auswirkungen auf die Schilddrüse haben.",
          "en": "Leaf mustard is generally safe for geese when fed in moderation. Large quantities or a one-sided diet can lead to gastrointestinal issues. Older plants may be more irritating. The glucosinolates present can affect the thyroid with chronic overconsumption of raw feed."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "low",
          "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": false,
          "source_count": 1
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "sheep",
        "label": {
          "de": "Schaf",
          "en": "Sheep"
        },
        "status": "safe_in_moderation",
        "risk_certainty": "low",
        "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts",
        "feed_suitability": "suitable_in_moderation",
        "emergency_level": "observe",
        "safe_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Blätter (in Maßen, gekocht)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "leaves (in moderation, cooked)"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Samen",
            "große Mengen roher Blätter"
          ],
          "en": [
            "seeds",
            "large quantities of raw leaves"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Glucosinolate (Senföle)",
            "Saponine"
          ],
          "en": [
            "glucosinolates (mustard oils)",
            "saponins"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Magen-Darm-Beschwerden",
            "Schilddrüsenprobleme (bei chronischer Überfütterung mit großen Mengen roher Pflanzen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "gastrointestinal upset",
            "thyroid issues (with chronic overconsumption of large amounts of raw plant)"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Überfütterung",
            "Verzehr großer Mengen roher Pflanzenteile",
            "Verzehr von Samen",
            "Schilddrüsenprobleme beim Tier"
          ],
          "en": [
            "overconsumption",
            "consumption of large amounts of raw plant parts",
            "consumption of seeds",
            "pre-existing thyroid conditions in the animal"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Brassica juncea ist ein Kohl und kann bei übermäßigem Verzehr, insbesondere roh, Glucosinolate enthalten, die zu Magen-Darm-Beschwerden führen können. Große Mengen können auch die Schilddrüsenfunktion beeinträchtigen. Gekochte Blätter in Maßen sind für Schafe als Teil der Ernährung geeignet. Samen sind zu vermeiden.",
          "en": "Brassica juncea is a brassica and can contain glucosinolates, which may cause gastrointestinal upset if consumed excessively, especially raw. Large quantities can also affect thyroid function. Cooked leaves in moderation are suitable for sheep as part of their diet. Seeds should be avoided."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "low",
          "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": false,
          "source_count": 0
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "goat",
        "label": {
          "de": "Ziege",
          "en": "Goat"
        },
        "status": "safe_in_moderation",
        "risk_certainty": "low",
        "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts",
        "feed_suitability": "suitable_in_moderation",
        "emergency_level": "observe",
        "safe_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Blätter (in Maßen, gekocht oder jung roh)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "leaves (in moderation, cooked or young raw)"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Samen",
            "ältere, holzige Stiele",
            "Wurzeln"
          ],
          "en": [
            "seeds",
            "older, woody stems",
            "roots"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Glucosinolate (Senfölglykoside)",
            "Thiozyanate"
          ],
          "en": [
            "glucosinolates",
            "thiocyanates"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Magen-Darm-Beschwerden (Übelkeit, Erbrechen, Durchfall)",
            "Schilddrüsenprobleme bei chronischer Überfütterung großer Mengen roher Pflanzen",
            "Hautreizungen (selten)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "gastrointestinal upset (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea)",
            "thyroid issues with chronic overconsumption of large amounts of raw plant",
            "skin irritation (rare)"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Übermäßiger Verzehr",
            "Verzehr großer Mengen roher, älterer Pflanzen",
            "Verzehr von Samen oder Wurzeln",
            "Individuelle Empfindlichkeit"
          ],
          "en": [
            "excessive consumption",
            "consumption of large amounts of raw, older plants",
            "consumption of seeds or roots",
            "individual sensitivity"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Blattsenf ist für Ziegen in Maßen als Teil der Ernährung geeignet, insbesondere junge Blätter oder gekochte ältere Blätter. Große Mengen roher Pflanzen, insbesondere älterer oder der Samen, können aufgrund von Glucosinolaten und Thiozyanaten Magen-Darm-Probleme und potenziell Schilddrüsenprobleme verursachen. Die Einstufung basiert auf allgemeinen Kenntnissen über Brassica-Arten und deren Inhaltsstoffe.",
          "en": "Leaf mustard is suitable for goats in moderation as part of their diet, especially young leaves or cooked older leaves. Large quantities of raw plants, particularly older ones or the seeds, can cause gastrointestinal issues and potentially thyroid problems due to glucosinolates and thiocyanates. Classification is based on general knowledge of Brassica species and their constituents."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "low",
          "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": false,
          "source_count": 0
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "cattle",
        "label": {
          "de": "Rind",
          "en": "Cattle"
        },
        "status": "safe_in_moderation",
        "risk_certainty": "low",
        "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts",
        "feed_suitability": "suitable_in_moderation",
        "emergency_level": "observe",
        "safe_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Blätter (in Maßen, gekocht)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "leaves (in moderation, cooked)"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Samen",
            "große Mengen roher Blätter"
          ],
          "en": [
            "seeds",
            "large quantities of raw leaves"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Glucosinolate (Senföle)",
            "Saponine"
          ],
          "en": [
            "glucosinolates (mustard oils)",
            "saponins"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Magen-Darm-Beschwerden",
            "Schilddrüsenprobleme (bei chronischer Überfütterung mit großen Mengen roher Pflanzen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "gastrointestinal upset",
            "thyroid issues (with chronic overconsumption of large amounts of raw plant)"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Überfütterung",
            "Verzehr großer Mengen roher Pflanzenteile",
            "Verzehr von Samen",
            "Schilddrüsenprobleme beim Tier"
          ],
          "en": [
            "overconsumption",
            "consumption of large amounts of raw plant parts",
            "consumption of seeds",
            "pre-existing thyroid conditions in the animal"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Keine direkte artspezifische Quelle fuer Rinder gefunden. Diese Einstufung ist eine vorsichtige Ableitung aus dem Profil fuer Schafe und den bekannten pflanzenteilbezogenen Risiken.",
          "en": "No direct species-specific source was found for cattle. This is a cautious inference from the sheep profile and the known plant-part risks."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "low",
          "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": false,
          "source_count": 0
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "pig",
        "label": {
          "de": "Schwein",
          "en": "Pig"
        },
        "status": "safe_in_moderation",
        "risk_certainty": "low",
        "access_recommendation": "safe_in_moderation",
        "feed_suitability": "suitable_in_moderation",
        "emergency_level": "observe",
        "safe_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Blätter",
            "junge Stiele"
          ],
          "en": [
            "leaves",
            "young stems"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Glucosinolate",
            "Senföle"
          ],
          "en": [
            "glucosinolates",
            "isothiocyanates"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Magen-Darm-Beschwerden bei übermäßigem Verzehr",
            "potenzielle Schilddrüsenprobleme bei sehr einseitiger Rohfütterung großer Mengen"
          ],
          "en": [
            "gastrointestinal upset with excessive consumption",
            "potential thyroid issues with very one-sided raw feeding of large quantities"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Übermäßiger Verzehr",
            "Einseitige Rohfütterung großer Mengen",
            "Vorhandene Schilddrüsenerkrankungen"
          ],
          "en": [
            "excessive consumption",
            "one-sided raw feeding of large quantities",
            "pre-existing thyroid conditions"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Blattsenf ist für Schweine in Maßen als Teil der Ernährung geeignet. Große Mengen, insbesondere roh und einseitig gefüttert, können aufgrund von Glucosinolaten und Senfölen Magen-Darm-Beschwerden verursachen und potenziell die Schilddrüsenfunktion beeinträchtigen. Ältere Blätter sollten besser gekocht werden. Die Identifizierung der Pflanze sollte sicher sein.",
          "en": "Leaf mustard is suitable for pigs in moderation as part of their diet. Large quantities, especially raw and fed one-sidedly, can cause gastrointestinal upset and potentially affect thyroid function due to glucosinolates and isothiocyanates. Older leaves are better cooked. Plant identification should be certain."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "low",
          "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": false,
          "source_count": 1
        }
      }
    ]
  },
  "slug": "blattsenf",
  "sources": [
    {
      "title": "Wikidata search",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "publisher": "Wikidata",
      "date_accessed": "2026-05-12"
    },
    {
      "title": "GBIF species match",
      "url": "https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/match?name=Blattsenf&kingdom=Plantae",
      "publisher": "GBIF",
      "date_accessed": "2026-05-12"
    }
  ]
}