{
  "names": {
    "common": {
      "de": "Birne",
      "en": "Pyrus communis"
    },
    "plural": {
      "de": "Birne",
      "en": "Pyrus communis"
    },
    "botanical": "Pyrus communis",
    "synonyms": {
      "de": [
        "Kulturbirne",
        "Pyrus communis",
        "Gartenbirnbaum",
        "Wildbirne",
        "Birnbaum",
        "Birne"
      ],
      "en": [
        "European pear",
        "pear"
      ]
    },
    "common_synonyms": {
      "de": [
        "Kulturbirne",
        "Pyrus communis",
        "Gartenbirnbaum",
        "Wildbirne",
        "Birnbaum",
        "Birne"
      ],
      "en": [
        "European pear",
        "pear"
      ]
    },
    "search_terms": {
      "de": [
        "Birne"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Pyrus communis"
      ]
    }
  },
  "taxonomy": {
    "kingdom": "Plantae",
    "clades": [
      "Tracheophyta",
      "Angiosperms"
    ],
    "order": "Rosales",
    "family_botanical": "Rosaceae",
    "family": {
      "de": "Rosengewächse",
      "en": "Rose family"
    },
    "family_id": "rosaceae",
    "genus": "Pyrus",
    "species": "Pyrus communis",
    "hybrid_status": "not_hybrid"
  },
  "classification": {
    "main_group": "Fruit",
    "sub_group": "Pome fruit",
    "crop_group": "Pear",
    "life_cycle": "Perennial",
    "perennial": true,
    "woody": true,
    "tree": true,
    "shrub": false,
    "edible_parts": {
      "de": [
        "Frucht"
      ],
      "en": [
        "fruit"
      ]
    },
    "nutrient_group": "Pear"
  },
  "calendar": {
    "sowing_indoor": {
      "notes": {
        "de": "Birnen werden sortenecht veredelt, nicht ausgesät.",
        "en": "Pears are propagated by grafting, not by seed."
      }
    },
    "sowing_outdoor": {
      "notes": {
        "de": "Keine Direktsaat für sortenechte Bäume.",
        "en": "No direct sowing for true-to-type trees."
      }
    },
    "planting_out": {
      "months": [
        10,
        11,
        3,
        4
      ],
      "earliest_month": 3,
      "latest_month": 11,
      "notes": {
        "de": "Wurzelnackte Bäume in der Ruhezeit, Containerware auch im Frühjahr pflanzen.",
        "en": "Plant bare-root trees while dormant; container trees can also be planted in spring."
      }
    },
    "harvest": {
      "months": [
        8,
        9,
        10
      ],
      "earliest_month": 8,
      "latest_month": 10,
      "notes": {
        "de": "Je nach Sorte pflückreif von Spätsommer bis Herbst.",
        "en": "Pick from late summer to autumn depending on cultivar."
      }
    }
  },
  "cultivation_specs": {
    "spacing": {
      "plant_spacing_cm_min": 250,
      "plant_spacing_cm_max": 600,
      "row_spacing_cm_min": 300,
      "row_spacing_cm_max": 700,
      "spacing_notes": {
        "de": "Unterlage und Erziehungsform bestimmen den endgültigen Abstand.",
        "en": "Rootstock and training form determine final spacing."
      }
    },
    "growth_dimensions": {
      "height_cm_min": 200,
      "height_cm_max": 800,
      "width_cm_min": 200,
      "width_cm_max": 600
    }
  },
  "site": {
    "sun": {
      "de": "sonnig, warm, luftig",
      "en": "sunny, warm, airy"
    },
    "shelter": {
      "de": "geschützt nach Bedarf",
      "en": "shelter as needed"
    },
    "notes": {
      "de": "Spätfrostgefährdete Senken meiden.",
      "en": "Avoid frost pockets because pears flower early."
    }
  },
  "soil": {
    "texture": {
      "de": "tiefgründig, humos, gut drainiert",
      "en": "deep, humus-rich, well-drained"
    },
    "ph_range": {
      "min": 6.0,
      "max": 7.0
    },
    "notes": {
      "de": "Staunässe und extreme Trockenheit vermeiden.",
      "en": "Avoid waterlogging and extreme drought."
    }
  },
  "watering": {
    "frequency": {
      "de": "Jungbäume regelmäßig",
      "en": "regularly for young trees"
    },
    "method": {
      "de": "am Wurzelbereich",
      "en": "at the root zone"
    },
    "notes": {
      "de": "In Trockenphasen während Fruchtentwicklung wässern.",
      "en": "Water during dry spells while fruit is sizing."
    }
  },
  "nutrition": {
    "fertilizer_type": {
      "de": "Kompost oder organischer Obstbaumdünger",
      "en": "compost or organic fruit-tree fertilizer"
    },
    "frequency": {
      "de": "nach Bedarf",
      "en": "as needed"
    },
    "notes": {
      "de": "Zu viel Stickstoff fördert weiches Wachstum und Krankheitsdruck.",
      "en": "Too much nitrogen promotes soft growth and disease pressure."
    }
  },
  "cultivation_planning": {
    "succession_sowing": {
      "possible": false
    },
    "bed_planning_notes": {
      "de": "Befruchtersorte und Platz für Kronenentwicklung einplanen.",
      "en": "Plan for a pollination partner and canopy development."
    },
    "rotation_priority": "low",
    "interplanting_potential": "medium",
    "mechanization_relevance": "low"
  },
  "companion_planting": {
    "approach": "general_gardening",
    "good_neighbors": [
      {
        "slug": "chives",
        "name": {
          "de": "Schnittlauch",
          "en": "chives"
        },
        "reason": {
          "de": "Kombination ist für Beetgestaltung und Nützlingsförderung plausibel.",
          "en": "Combination is plausible for bed design and beneficial insects."
        },
        "relationship_type": "good_neighbor"
      },
      {
        "slug": "calendula",
        "name": {
          "de": "Ringelblume",
          "en": "calendula"
        },
        "reason": {
          "de": "Kombination ist für Beetgestaltung und Nützlingsförderung plausibel.",
          "en": "Combination is plausible for bed design and beneficial insects."
        },
        "relationship_type": "good_neighbor"
      },
      {
        "slug": "herb-strips",
        "name": {
          "de": "Kräuterstreifen",
          "en": "herb strips"
        },
        "reason": {
          "de": "Kombination ist für Beetgestaltung und Nützlingsförderung plausibel.",
          "en": "Combination is plausible for bed design and beneficial insects."
        },
        "relationship_type": "good_neighbor"
      }
    ],
    "bad_neighbors": [
      {
        "slug": "strongly-competing-woody-plants-in-the-root-zone",
        "name": {
          "de": "stark konkurrierende Gehölze im Wurzelbereich",
          "en": "strongly competing woody plants in the root zone"
        },
        "reason": {
          "de": "Passt wegen Standort, Fruchtfolge oder Konkurrenz weniger gut.",
          "en": "Less suitable because of site, rotation, or competition."
        },
        "relationship_type": "avoid"
      }
    ],
    "design_rules": {
      "de": [
        "Mischkultur ersetzt keine passende Fruchtfolge und Pflege."
      ],
      "en": [
        "Companion planting does not replace suitable rotation and care."
      ]
    },
    "notes": {
      "de": "Empfehlungen sind für Hausgärten gedacht.",
      "en": "Recommendations are intended for home gardens."
    }
  },
  "problems": {
    "common": {
      "de": [
        "Alternanz",
        "Spätfrostschäden",
        "Fruchtfall"
      ],
      "en": [
        "biennial bearing",
        "late frost damage",
        "fruit drop"
      ]
    },
    "diagnosis": {
      "de": "Wasser, Standort, Nährstoffversorgung und Schädlingsdruck zuerst prüfen.",
      "en": "Check water, site, nutrition, and pest pressure first."
    }
  },
  "problem_management": {
    "common_pest_groups": {
      "de": [
        "Blattläuse",
        "Birnenblattsauger",
        "Obstmade"
      ],
      "en": [
        "aphids",
        "pear psylla",
        "codling moth"
      ]
    },
    "common_disease_groups": {
      "de": [
        "Birnengitterrost",
        "Schorf",
        "Feuerbrand"
      ],
      "en": [
        "pear rust",
        "scab",
        "fire blight"
      ]
    },
    "prevention_principles": {
      "de": [
        "Standort passend wählen",
        "Bestände luftig halten",
        "Fruchtfolge und Hygiene beachten",
        "Pflanzen regelmäßig kontrollieren"
      ],
      "en": [
        "choose a suitable site",
        "keep growth airy",
        "use rotation and hygiene",
        "inspect plants regularly"
      ]
    },
    "diagnosis_notes": {
      "de": "Symptome immer zusammen mit Standort, Wetter und Kulturphase bewerten.",
      "en": "Assess symptoms together with site, weather, and growth stage."
    }
  },
  "disease_graph": {
    "scope": "general_crop_health",
    "profiles": [
      {
        "slug": "pear-rust",
        "name": {
          "de": "Birnengitterrost",
          "en": "pear rust"
        },
        "severity": "medium",
        "conditions": {
          "de": [
            "feuchte Bestände",
            "Stress durch Standort oder Witterung"
          ],
          "en": [
            "humid canopy",
            "site or weather stress"
          ]
        },
        "prevention": {
          "de": [
            "luftig pflanzen",
            "kranke Pflanzenteile entfernen"
          ],
          "en": [
            "space plants for airflow",
            "remove diseased plant material"
          ]
        }
      },
      {
        "slug": "scab",
        "name": {
          "de": "Schorf",
          "en": "scab"
        },
        "severity": "medium",
        "conditions": {
          "de": [
            "feuchte Bestände",
            "Stress durch Standort oder Witterung"
          ],
          "en": [
            "humid canopy",
            "site or weather stress"
          ]
        },
        "prevention": {
          "de": [
            "luftig pflanzen",
            "kranke Pflanzenteile entfernen"
          ],
          "en": [
            "space plants for airflow",
            "remove diseased plant material"
          ]
        }
      },
      {
        "slug": "fire-blight",
        "name": {
          "de": "Feuerbrand",
          "en": "fire blight"
        },
        "severity": "medium",
        "conditions": {
          "de": [
            "feuchte Bestände",
            "Stress durch Standort oder Witterung"
          ],
          "en": [
            "humid canopy",
            "site or weather stress"
          ]
        },
        "prevention": {
          "de": [
            "luftig pflanzen",
            "kranke Pflanzenteile entfernen"
          ],
          "en": [
            "space plants for airflow",
            "remove diseased plant material"
          ]
        }
      }
    ]
  },
  "harvest": {
    "timing": {
      "de": "pflücken, wenn Früchte sich leicht lösen",
      "en": "pick when fruit releases easily"
    },
    "harvest_indicators": {
      "de": [
        "sortentypische Größe",
        "Grundfarbe hellt auf"
      ],
      "en": [
        "typical cultivar size",
        "ground color lightens"
      ]
    },
    "method": {
      "de": "schonend und sauber ernten",
      "en": "harvest gently and cleanly"
    }
  },
  "storage": {
    "storage_life": {
      "de": "Sommerbirnen kurz, Lagerbirnen mehrere Wochen bis Monate",
      "en": "summer pears short; storage pears several weeks to months"
    },
    "conditions": {
      "de": "kühl, sauber und je nach Kultur trocken oder leicht feucht",
      "en": "cool, clean, and dry or slightly humid depending on crop"
    },
    "processing_options": {
      "de": [
        "Frischverzehr",
        "Einkochen",
        "Dörren"
      ],
      "en": [
        "fresh eating",
        "preserving",
        "drying"
      ]
    }
  },
  "kitchen_usage": {
    "primary_uses": {
      "de": [
        "Frischobst",
        "Kompott",
        "Kuchen",
        "Saft"
      ],
      "en": [
        "fresh fruit",
        "compote",
        "cakes",
        "juice"
      ]
    },
    "flavor_profile": {
      "de": "süß, saftig, sortenabhängig aromatisch",
      "en": "sweet, juicy, aromatic depending on cultivar"
    },
    "preparation_notes": {
      "de": "Vor der Verwendung gründlich waschen und nur einwandfreie Pflanzenteile nutzen.",
      "en": "Wash thoroughly before use and use only sound plant parts."
    }
  },
  "safety_and_edibility": {
    "edible_parts": {
      "de": [
        "reife Früchte"
      ],
      "en": [
        "ripe fruit"
      ]
    },
    "inedible_or_caution_parts": {
      "de": [
        "Kerne nicht gezielt in großen Mengen verzehren"
      ],
      "en": [
        "do not deliberately eat seeds in large quantities"
      ]
    },
    "toxicity_notes": {
      "de": "Bei Unsicherheit nicht verzehren; keine Heilversprechen ableiten.",
      "en": "Do not consume if identification is uncertain; do not infer medicinal claims."
    },
    "raw_consumption": {
      "de": "Reife Früchte roh essbar.",
      "en": "Ripe fruit is edible raw."
    }
  },
  "animal_safety": {
    "schema_version": "1.0",
    "last_reviewed": "2026-06-01",
    "summary": {
      "de": "Die Datenlage ist je nach Tierart unterschiedlich; unbekannte Einträge sollten vor Fütterung oder freiem Zugang fachlich geprüft werden.",
      "en": "Evidence varies by animal; unknown entries should be reviewed before feeding or allowing access."
    },
    "overall": {
      "highest_status": "only_specific_parts",
      "emergency_level": "contact_vet_if_symptoms",
      "has_part_specific_risk": true,
      "has_unknowns": false,
      "human_review_recommended": true,
      "restricted_animals": [
        "dog",
        "cat",
        "rabbit",
        "guinea_pig",
        "hamster",
        "budgie",
        "horse",
        "chicken",
        "duck",
        "goose",
        "sheep",
        "goat",
        "cattle",
        "pig"
      ]
    },
    "animals": [
      {
        "key": "dog",
        "label": {
          "de": "Hund",
          "en": "Dog"
        },
        "status": "only_specific_parts",
        "risk_certainty": "medium",
        "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts",
        "feed_suitability": "only_specific_parts",
        "emergency_level": "contact_vet_if_symptoms",
        "safe_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Reifes Fruchtfleisch"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Ripe fruit flesh"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Kerne",
            "Blätter",
            "Stängel"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Seeds",
            "Leaves",
            "Stems"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Cyanogene Glykoside"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Cyanogenic glycosides"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Magen-Darm-Verstimmung (Erbrechen, Durchfall)",
            "Bauchschmerzen",
            "Bei großen Mengen von Kernen/Blättern: Atembeschwerden, Schwäche, Kollaps, Krämpfe"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Gastrointestinal upset (vomiting, diarrhea)",
            "Abdominal pain",
            "In large quantities of seeds/leaves: difficulty breathing, weakness, collapse, seizures"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Verzehr großer Mengen von Kernen, Blättern oder Stängeln",
            "Kleine Hunde sind anfälliger"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Ingestion of large quantities of seeds, leaves, or stems",
            "Small dogs are more susceptible"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Das Fruchtfleisch reifer Birnen gilt in Maßen als sicher für Hunde. Kerne, Blätter und Stängel enthalten jedoch cyanogene Glykoside, die bei Verzehr in größeren Mengen giftig sein können. Entfernen Sie immer die Kerne, bevor Sie Birnen an Hunde verfüttern.",
          "en": "The flesh of ripe pears is generally considered safe for dogs in moderation. However, seeds, leaves, and stems contain cyanogenic glycosides, which can be toxic if ingested in larger quantities. Always remove seeds before feeding pears to dogs."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "medium",
          "source_basis": "species_specific",
          "species_specific": true,
          "direct_veterinary_source": true,
          "source_count": 1
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "cat",
        "label": {
          "de": "Katze",
          "en": "Cat"
        },
        "status": "only_specific_parts",
        "risk_certainty": "low",
        "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts",
        "feed_suitability": "only_specific_parts",
        "emergency_level": "observe",
        "safe_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Fruchtfleisch (in Maßen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Flesh of fruit (in moderation)"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Kerne (Cyanid-Vorläufer)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Seeds (cyanide precursors)"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Cyanogene Glykoside (in Kernen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Cyanogenic glycosides (in seeds)"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Gastrointestinale Beschwerden (bei übermäßigem Verzehr von Fruchtfleisch oder Kernen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Gastrointestinal upset (from excessive consumption of flesh or seeds)"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Übermäßiger Verzehr",
            "Verzehr von Kernen"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Excessive consumption",
            "Consumption of seeds"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Die Frucht von Pyrus communis ist für Katzen im Allgemeinen sicher, wenn sie in Maßen verzehrt wird. Die Kerne sollten jedoch wegen des Gehalts an cyanogenen Glykosiden vermieden werden. Übermäßiger Verzehr des Fruchtfleisches kann zu Magen-Darm-Beschwerden führen.",
          "en": "The fruit of Pyrus communis is generally safe for cats when consumed in moderation. However, the seeds should be avoided due to their cyanogenic glycoside content. Excessive consumption of the fruit flesh can lead to gastrointestinal upset."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "low",
          "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": true,
          "source_count": 1
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "rabbit",
        "label": {
          "de": "Kaninchen",
          "en": "Rabbit"
        },
        "status": "only_specific_parts",
        "risk_certainty": "low",
        "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts",
        "feed_suitability": "only_specific_parts",
        "emergency_level": "observe",
        "safe_parts": {
          "de": [
            "reife Früchte (ohne Kerne)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "ripe fruit (without seeds)"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Kerne (Cyanid-Vorläufer)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "seeds (cyanide precursors)"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Cyanogene Glykoside (in Kernen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Cyanogenic Glycosides (in seeds)"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Verdauungsstörungen bei übermäßigem Verzehr von Früchten",
            "Symptome einer Cyanidvergiftung bei Verzehr großer Mengen Kerne (selten)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Gastrointestinal upset if fruit is consumed in excess",
            "Symptoms of cyanide poisoning if large quantities of seeds are consumed (rare)"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Verzehr von Kernen",
            "Übermäßiger Verzehr von Früchten"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Consumption of seeds",
            "Excessive consumption of fruit"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Reife Früchte sind für Kaninchen in Maßen sicher, solange die Kerne nicht verzehrt werden. Die Kerne enthalten cyanogene Glykoside, die bei Verzehr großer Mengen schädlich sein können. Übermäßiger Fruchtkonsum kann zu Verdauungsstörungen führen.",
          "en": "Ripe fruit is safe for rabbits in moderation, provided the seeds are not consumed. The seeds contain cyanogenic glycosides which can be harmful if large quantities are ingested. Excessive fruit consumption can lead to gastrointestinal upset."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "low",
          "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": false,
          "source_count": 0
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "guinea_pig",
        "label": {
          "de": "Meerschweinchen",
          "en": "Guinea pig"
        },
        "status": "only_specific_parts",
        "risk_certainty": "low",
        "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts",
        "feed_suitability": "only_specific_parts",
        "emergency_level": "no_action_usually_needed",
        "safe_parts": {
          "de": [
            "reife Früchte (ohne Kerne)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "ripe fruit (without seeds)"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Kerne (in großen Mengen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "seeds (in large quantities)"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Cyanogene Glykoside (in Kernen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Cyanogenic glycosides (in seeds)"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Magen-Darm-Beschwerden bei übermäßigem Verzehr von Kernen"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Gastrointestinal upset if seeds are consumed in excess"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Übermäßiger Verzehr von Kernen"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Excessive consumption of seeds"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Reife Früchte sind für Meerschweinchen im Allgemeinen sicher, wenn sie in Maßen gefüttert werden. Die Kerne sollten vermieden werden, da sie geringe Mengen an cyanogenen Glykosiden enthalten können, die bei übermäßigem Verzehr zu Magen-Darm-Beschwerden führen können. Die Hauptgefahr besteht in der Verstopfung durch die Kerne.",
          "en": "Ripe fruit is generally safe for guinea pigs when fed in moderation. Seeds should be avoided as they can contain small amounts of cyanogenic glycosides, which may cause gastrointestinal upset if consumed in excess. The primary risk from seeds is obstruction."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "low",
          "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": false,
          "source_count": 0
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "hamster",
        "label": {
          "de": "Hamster",
          "en": "Hamster"
        },
        "status": "only_specific_parts",
        "risk_certainty": "low",
        "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts",
        "feed_suitability": "only_specific_parts",
        "emergency_level": "observe",
        "safe_parts": {
          "de": [
            "reife Früchte (ohne Kerne)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "ripe fruit (without seeds)"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Kerne"
          ],
          "en": [
            "seeds"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Cyanogene Glykoside (in Kernen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Cyanogenic glycosides (in seeds)"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Verdauungsstörungen bei übermäßigem Verzehr oder Verzehr von Kernen"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Gastrointestinal upset if seeds are consumed or fruit is eaten in excess"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Verzehr von Kernen",
            "Übermäßiger Verzehr von Früchten"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Consumption of seeds",
            "Overconsumption of fruit"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Reife Früchte sind in kleinen Mengen als Leckerbissen sicher. Kerne sollten vermieden werden, da sie geringe Mengen an Cyanogenen Glykosiden enthalten können. Übermäßiger Verzehr von Früchten kann zu Verdauungsstörungen führen.",
          "en": "Ripe fruit is safe in small amounts as a treat. Seeds should be avoided as they can contain small amounts of cyanogenic glycosides. Excessive consumption of fruit can lead to digestive upset."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "low",
          "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": false,
          "source_count": 0
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "budgie",
        "label": {
          "de": "Wellensittich",
          "en": "Budgie"
        },
        "status": "only_specific_parts",
        "risk_certainty": "low",
        "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts",
        "feed_suitability": "only_specific_parts",
        "emergency_level": "no_action_usually_needed",
        "safe_parts": {
          "de": [
            "reife Früchte"
          ],
          "en": [
            "ripe fruit"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Kerne (in großen Mengen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "seeds (in large quantities)"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Cyanogene Glykoside (in Kernen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Cyanogenic glycosides (in seeds)"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Magen-Darm-Beschwerden (bei übermäßigem Verzehr von Kernen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Gastrointestinal upset (from excessive seed consumption)"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Übermäßiger Verzehr von Kernen",
            "Unreife Früchte"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Excessive consumption of seeds",
            "Unripe fruit"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Reife Früchte sind für Budgies in Maßen sicher. Kerne sollten wegen des potenziellen Gehalts an cyanogenen Glykosiden und der Erstickungsgefahr vermieden werden.",
          "en": "Ripe fruit is safe for budgies in moderation. Seeds should be avoided due to potential cyanogenic glycosides and choking hazard."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "low",
          "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": false,
          "source_count": 0
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "horse",
        "label": {
          "de": "Pferd",
          "en": "Horse"
        },
        "status": "only_specific_parts",
        "risk_certainty": "low",
        "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts",
        "feed_suitability": "only_specific_parts",
        "emergency_level": "observe",
        "safe_parts": {
          "de": [
            "reife Früchte"
          ],
          "en": [
            "ripe fruit"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Kerne (in großen Mengen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "seeds (in large quantities)"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Cyanogene Glykoside (in Kernen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Cyanogenic glycosides (in seeds)"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Magen-Darm-Beschwerden (bei übermäßigem Verzehr von Kernen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Gastrointestinal upset (with excessive seed consumption)"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Übermäßiger Verzehr von Kernen",
            "Verzehr von unreifen Früchten"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Excessive consumption of seeds",
            "Consumption of unripe fruit"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Reife Früchte sind für Pferde im Allgemeinen sicher und können in Maßen als Leckerli gegeben werden. Große Mengen der Kerne sollten vermieden werden, da sie geringe Mengen an Cyanogenen Glykosiden enthalten können, die bei übermäßigem Verzehr zu Magen-Darm-Beschwerden führen können.",
          "en": "Ripe fruit is generally safe for horses and can be given in moderation as a treat. Large quantities of seeds should be avoided as they can contain small amounts of cyanogenic glycosides, which may cause gastrointestinal upset if consumed excessively."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "low",
          "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": true,
          "source_count": 1
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "chicken",
        "label": {
          "de": "Huhn",
          "en": "Chicken"
        },
        "status": "only_specific_parts",
        "risk_certainty": "low",
        "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts",
        "feed_suitability": "only_specific_parts",
        "emergency_level": "observe",
        "safe_parts": {
          "de": [
            "reife Früchte"
          ],
          "en": [
            "ripe fruit"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Kerne (in großen Mengen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "seeds (in large quantities)"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Cyanogene Glykoside (in Kernen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Cyanogenic glycosides (in seeds)"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Magen-Darm-Beschwerden (bei übermäßigem Verzehr von Kernen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Gastrointestinal upset (from excessive seed consumption)"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Übermäßiger Verzehr von Kernen",
            "Unreife Früchte"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Excessive consumption of seeds",
            "Unripe fruit"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Reife Früchte sind für Hühner in Maßen sicher. Kerne sollten wegen des Gehalts an cyanogenen Glykosiden nicht in großen Mengen verzehrt werden.",
          "en": "Ripe fruit is safe for chickens in moderation. Seeds should not be consumed in large quantities due to cyanogenic glycoside content."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "low",
          "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": true,
          "source_count": 1
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "duck",
        "label": {
          "de": "Ente",
          "en": "Duck"
        },
        "status": "only_specific_parts",
        "risk_certainty": "low",
        "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts",
        "feed_suitability": "only_specific_parts",
        "emergency_level": "observe",
        "safe_parts": {
          "de": [
            "reife Früchte"
          ],
          "en": [
            "ripe fruit"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Kerne (in großen Mengen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "seeds (in large quantities)"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Cyanogene Glykoside (in Kernen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Cyanogenic glycosides (in seeds)"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Magen-Darm-Beschwerden (bei Verzehr großer Mengen von Kernen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Gastrointestinal upset (if large quantities of seeds are consumed)"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Verzehr großer Mengen von Kernen"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Consumption of large quantities of seeds"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Reife Früchte sind für Enten in Maßen sicher. Kerne sollten wegen potenzieller cyanogener Glykoside in großen Mengen vermieden werden.",
          "en": "Ripe fruit is safe for ducks in moderation. Seeds should be avoided in large quantities due to potential cyanogenic glycosides."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "low",
          "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": false,
          "source_count": 0
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "goose",
        "label": {
          "de": "Gans",
          "en": "Goose"
        },
        "status": "only_specific_parts",
        "risk_certainty": "low",
        "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts",
        "feed_suitability": "only_specific_parts",
        "emergency_level": "observe",
        "safe_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Fruchtfleisch (in Maßen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Flesh (in moderation)"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Kerne (bei Verzehr großer Mengen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Seeds (if consumed in large quantities)"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Cyanogene Glykoside (in Kernen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Cyanogenic glycosides (in seeds)"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Magen-Darm-Beschwerden (bei übermäßigem Verzehr von Kernen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Gastrointestinal upset (from excessive seed consumption)"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Übermäßiger Verzehr von Kernen",
            "Verzehr unreifer Früchte"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Excessive consumption of seeds",
            "Consumption of unripe fruit"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Die Frucht von Pyrus communis (Birne) ist für Gänse in Maßen sicher, insbesondere das Fruchtfleisch. Die Kerne sollten jedoch aufgrund des Gehalts an cyanogenen Glykosiden nicht in großen Mengen verzehrt werden, da dies zu Magen-Darm-Beschwerden führen kann. Die Einstufung basiert auf allgemeinen Kenntnissen über die Fütterung von Geflügel und der bekannten Toxizität von Birnenkernen.",
          "en": "The fruit of Pyrus communis (pear) is safe for geese in moderation, particularly the flesh. However, the seeds should not be consumed in large quantities due to the presence of cyanogenic glycosides, which can cause gastrointestinal upset. Classification is based on general knowledge of poultry feeding and known toxicity of pear seeds."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "low",
          "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": false,
          "source_count": 0
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "sheep",
        "label": {
          "de": "Schaf",
          "en": "Sheep"
        },
        "status": "only_specific_parts",
        "risk_certainty": "low",
        "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts",
        "feed_suitability": "only_specific_parts",
        "emergency_level": "observe",
        "safe_parts": {
          "de": [
            "reife Früchte"
          ],
          "en": [
            "ripe fruit"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Kerne (in großen Mengen)",
            "Blätter",
            "Stängel",
            "Wurzeln"
          ],
          "en": [
            "seeds (in large quantities)",
            "leaves",
            "stems",
            "roots"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Cyanogene Glykoside (in Kernen, Blättern, Wurzeln)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Cyanogenic glycosides (in seeds, leaves, roots)"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Magen-Darm-Beschwerden (bei übermäßigem Verzehr von Früchten)",
            "Symptome einer Cyanidvergiftung (bei Verzehr von Kernen, Blättern, Wurzeln in großen Mengen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Gastrointestinal upset (from excessive fruit consumption)",
            "Symptoms of cyanide poisoning (from consumption of seeds, leaves, roots in large quantities)"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Übermäßiger Verzehr von Früchten",
            "Verzehr von Kernen, Blättern, Stängeln oder Wurzeln"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Excessive consumption of fruit",
            "Consumption of seeds, leaves, stems, or roots"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Reife Früchte sind für Schafe in Maßen sicher und können als Leckerli gegeben werden. Kerne, Blätter, Stängel und Wurzeln enthalten geringe Mengen an cyanogenen Glykosiden und sollten nicht in großen Mengen verzehrt werden.",
          "en": "Ripe fruit is safe for sheep in moderation and can be offered as a treat. Seeds, leaves, stems, and roots contain small amounts of cyanogenic glycosides and should not be consumed in large quantities."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "low",
          "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": true,
          "source_count": 1
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "goat",
        "label": {
          "de": "Ziege",
          "en": "Goat"
        },
        "status": "only_specific_parts",
        "risk_certainty": "low",
        "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts",
        "feed_suitability": "only_specific_parts",
        "emergency_level": "no_action_usually_needed",
        "safe_parts": {
          "de": [
            "reife Früchte"
          ],
          "en": [
            "ripe fruit"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Kerne (in großen Mengen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "seeds (in large quantities)"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Cyanogene Glykoside (in Kernen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Cyanogenic glycosides (in seeds)"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Magen-Darm-Beschwerden (bei übermäßigem Verzehr von Kernen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Gastrointestinal upset (with excessive seed consumption)"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Übermäßiger Verzehr von Kernen",
            "Unreife Früchte"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Excessive consumption of seeds",
            "Unripe fruit"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Reife Früchte sind für Ziegen in Maßen sicher. Große Mengen Kerne können aufgrund von cyanogenen Glykosiden Magen-Darm-Beschwerden verursachen. Die AS PCA listet Pyrus communis als nicht giftig für Haustiere, was auf eine geringe Toxizität hindeutet. Es gibt keine spezifischen Hinweise auf Ziegen, aber die allgemeine Sicherheit von Obst für Wiederkäuer und die AS PCA-Einstufung unterstützen diese Einschätzung.",
          "en": "Ripe fruit is safe for goats in moderation. Large quantities of seeds may cause gastrointestinal upset due to cyanogenic glycosides."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "low",
          "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": true,
          "source_count": 1
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "cattle",
        "label": {
          "de": "Rind",
          "en": "Cattle"
        },
        "status": "only_specific_parts",
        "risk_certainty": "low",
        "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts",
        "feed_suitability": "only_specific_parts",
        "emergency_level": "observe",
        "safe_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Reife Früchte"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Ripe fruit"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Kerne (in großen Mengen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Seeds (in large quantities)"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Cyanogene Glykoside (in Kernen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Cyanogenic glycosides (in seeds)"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Magen-Darm-Beschwerden (bei übermäßigem Verzehr von Kernen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Gastrointestinal upset (from excessive seed consumption)"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Übermäßiger Verzehr von Kernen",
            "Unreife Früchte"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Excessive consumption of seeds",
            "Unripe fruit"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Reife Früchte sind für Rinder im Allgemeinen sicher und können als gelegentlicher Leckerbissen verfüttert werden. Große Mengen an Kernen sollten vermieden werden, da sie geringe Mengen an cyanogenen Glykosiden enthalten können, die bei übermäßigem Verzehr zu Magen-Darm-Beschwerden führen können. Die Blätter und Stängel sind nicht als Hauptfutterquelle gedacht.",
          "en": "Ripe fruit is generally safe for cattle and can be fed as an occasional treat. Large quantities of seeds should be avoided as they may contain small amounts of cyanogenic glycosides, which can cause gastrointestinal upset if consumed in excess. Leaves and stems are not intended as a primary feed source."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "low",
          "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": false,
          "source_count": 0
        }
      },
      {
        "key": "pig",
        "label": {
          "de": "Schwein",
          "en": "Pig"
        },
        "status": "only_specific_parts",
        "risk_certainty": "low",
        "access_recommendation": "only_specific_parts",
        "feed_suitability": "only_specific_parts",
        "emergency_level": "observe",
        "safe_parts": {
          "de": [
            "reife Früchte"
          ],
          "en": [
            "ripe fruit"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_parts": {
          "de": [
            "Kerne (in großen Mengen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "seeds (in large quantities)"
          ]
        },
        "toxic_compounds": {
          "de": [
            "Cyanogene Glykoside (in Kernen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Cyanogenic glycosides (in seeds)"
          ]
        },
        "symptoms": {
          "de": [
            "Magen-Darm-Beschwerden (bei übermäßigem Verzehr von Kernen)"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Gastrointestinal upset (from excessive seed consumption)"
          ]
        },
        "risk_factors": {
          "de": [
            "Übermäßiger Verzehr von Kernen",
            "Unreife Früchte"
          ],
          "en": [
            "Excessive consumption of seeds",
            "Unripe fruit"
          ]
        },
        "note": {
          "de": "Reife Früchte sind für Schweine in Maßen sicher. Große Mengen an Kernen sollten vermieden werden, da sie geringe Mengen an cyanogenen Glykosiden enthalten können, die zu Magen-Darm-Beschwerden führen können.",
          "en": "Ripe fruit is safe for pigs in moderation. Large quantities of seeds should be avoided as they can contain small amounts of cyanogenic glycosides, which may cause gastrointestinal upset."
        },
        "evidence": {
          "level": "low",
          "source_basis": "toxin_based_inference",
          "species_specific": false,
          "direct_veterinary_source": true,
          "source_count": 1
        }
      }
    ]
  },
  "varieties": [
    "Kulturbirne",
    "Pyrus communis",
    "Gartenbirnbaum",
    "Wildbirne",
    "Birnbaum",
    "Birne"
  ],
  "rootstocks": [
    "Pyrus communis"
  ],
  "woody_crop_details": {
    "training_systems_to_research": [
      "Spalier",
      "High trellis",
      "Low trellis",
      "Arboreal"
    ],
    "rootstock_relevance": "Pyrus communis",
    "renewal_pruning_relevance": "Pyrus communis",
    "notes": {
      "de": "Birne ist eine alte Kulturpflanze und wird in zahlreichen Sorten als Obstbaum kultiviert., Die Frucht wird als Birne bezeichnet.",
      "en": "Pyrus communis is an old cultivated plant and is grown in numerous varieties as an orchard tree., The fruit is called pear."
    }
  },
  "pruning_logic": {
    "scope": "Pyrus communis",
    "system": "Spalier",
    "remove": {
      "de": [
        "Dead branches",
        "Damaged branches",
        "Weak branches"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Dead branches",
        "Damaged branches",
        "Weak branches"
      ]
    },
    "preserve": {
      "de": [
        "Strong branches",
        "Fruit-bearing branches"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Strong branches",
        "Fruit-bearing branches"
      ]
    },
    "avoid": {
      "de": [
        "Young branches",
        "Flowering branches"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Young branches",
        "Flowering branches"
      ]
    },
    "timing_rules": [
      {
        "season": "Spring",
        "months": [
          1,
          2,
          3,
          4,
          5,
          6
        ],
        "purpose": {
          "de": "Pruning to encourage new growth",
          "en": "Pruning to encourage new growth"
        },
        "notes": {
          "de": "Schnitt im Frühjahr regt neues Wachstum an.",
          "en": "Pruning in spring encourages new growth., Pruning in spring encourages new growth."
        }
      },
      {
        "season": "Summer",
        "months": [
          7,
          8,
          9,
          10,
          11
        ],
        "purpose": {
          "de": "Pruning to maintain shape",
          "en": "Pruning to maintain shape"
        },
        "notes": {
          "de": "Schnitt im Sommer erhält die Form.",
          "en": "Pruning in summer maintains shape., Pruning in summer maintains shape."
        }
      }
    ],
    "cut_location_rules": {
      "de": [
        "Above a bud",
        "Above a node",
        "Above a leaf"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Above a bud",
        "Above a node",
        "Above a leaf"
      ]
    },
    "tool_hygiene": {
      "de": "Clean and sharp tools",
      "en": "Clean and sharp tools"
    },
    "diagram_requirements": {
      "de": [
        "Spalier diagram",
        "High trellis diagram",
        "Low trellis diagram",
        "Arboreal diagram"
      ],
      "en": [
        "Spalier diagram",
        "High trellis diagram",
        "Low trellis diagram",
        "Arboreal diagram"
      ]
    }
  },
  "pruning_training": [
    "Spalier",
    "High trellis",
    "Low trellis",
    "Arboreal"
  ],
  "ecology": {
    "pollinator_value": "Attracts pollinators",
    "wildlife_value": "Provides food for wildlife",
    "biodiversity_notes": {
      "de": "Unterstützt die Biodiversität im Ökosystem",
      "en": "Supports biodiversity in the ecosystem"
    }
  },
  "slug": "birne",
  "sources": [
    {
      "title": "Wikidata entity",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146281",
      "publisher": "Wikidata",
      "date_accessed": "2026-05-12"
    },
    {
      "title": "GBIF species match",
      "url": "https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/match?name=Pyrus%20communis&kingdom=Plantae",
      "publisher": "GBIF",
      "date_accessed": "2026-05-12"
    },
    {
      "title": "Deutschsprachige Wikipedia: Kultur-Birne",
      "url": "https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur-Birne",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "date_accessed": "2026-05-12"
    },
    {
      "title": "English Wikipedia: Pyrus communis",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrus_communis",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "date_accessed": "2026-05-12"
    }
  ]
}